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- (b) List TWO (2) types of common food hazards. Describe the properties of bacteria endotoxin based on the following component; (i) (ii) (iii) Stability Antigenicity ToxicityPropionibacterium acnes is a normal member of the skin microbiome that benefits the body by lowering the skin's pH- an antimicrobial effect. However, P. acnes is also the leading cause of acne. Explain mechanistically how can a bacterium be normal and beneficial but also be pathogenic?Different strains of Streptococcus pyogenes have different virulence factors, giving these microbes much versatility. Virulence factors include which of the following? Choose one or more: A.A capsule that, when thick, will help the organism avoid phagocytosis by macrophages B.A cell wall containing lipoteichoic acid, thought to facilitate adherence to pharyngeal epithelial cells C.Enzymes that lyse blood cells (streptolysins) D.The production of several endotoxins called streptococcal pyogenic endotoxins (SPEs)
- About becterial enzymes, it is CORRECT to affirm that: a). Some becterial enzymes can help the microbe fight the immune system, by destroying lgA.b). Coagulases are enzymes that use the host's fibrinogen and form a semi-solid get that isolates amd protects the bacteria.c). Some bacterial enzymes such as hyaluronidase can help the microble move through the host's tissus by destroying the tissue's components.d). Fibrolysin is an enzymes that can help from blood clots.3) Make the match with the terms and definitions Bioinert Undergoes degradation in the body and can be secreted naturally Bioactive Causing "no" biological effect/host response Biodegradable Produces an unexpected effect on living tissue 4) Which one of the below given properties belongs to second generation biomaterials ? a) Minimal reaction/interaction with the body b) stimulate specific cell responses at molecular level c) controlled reaction with the physiological enviroment d) Biointeractive and resorbable57. Transport media are usually used in clinical settings to ensure ............... Group of answer choices specimen is contained and cells are permanently inactivated cell toxicity is maximum and competing cells are killed individuals are not infected isolation of specific bacteria cells die and to stop multiply 58. Which of the following is NOT a symptom / effect caused by endotoxin ? Group of answer choices fever tissue necrosis hemorrhage metabolic acidosis heart and kidney failure disseminated intravascular coagulation
- A 28-year-old man complains of increasing muscle weakness and numbness that began in his legs and feet three days ago and that now involves his arms and hands. The patient reports recently experiencing a self-limited episode of gastroenteritis. Which organism is commonly associated with this patient's neuro- logic symptoms? (A) a-Hemolytic, encapsulated, gram-positive cocci that produce an IgA protease (B) Comma-shaped, oxidase-positive, gram- negative bacteria that can 42°C be grown at (C) Non-lactose-fermenting, oxidase-positive, gram-negative, aerobic bacilli (D) Rod-shaped, gram-positive, spore-forming anaerobe that produces a heat-labile toxin (E) Spiral-shaped bacteria with axial filaments, visualized using dark-field microscopyMany antibiotics used in modern medicine are compounds made by fungi that inhibit bacterial protein synthesis. Describe the specific effect of the following antimicrobial drugs: (i) Tetracycline (ii) Puromycin (iii) Alpha-AmanitinOur environment contains masses of microorganisms, many of which reside as commensal organisms on our body’s mucosal and epithelial surfaces without causing disease. What two features distinguish a pathogenic microbe from these commensal microbes?
- Which of the following is NOT true of bacterial exotoxins? 1. Important in the pathogenesis of many human diseases 2. Their toxic effect can be systemic, affecting cells distant from the primary site of infection 3. None of the other four answers (All are true of bacterial exotoxins) 4. Different exotoxins may affect different types of cells (e.g., nerves, gastrointestinal mucosa) 5. Some exotoxins have two components, A (active) and B (binding)Propionibacterium acnes is a normal member of the skin microbiome that benefits the body by lowering the skin's pH- an antimicrobial effect. However, P. acnes is also the leading cause of acne. Explain mechanistically how can a bacterium be part of the normal microbiome and beneficial but also be pathogenic?Endotoxin is associated witha) Gram-positive bacteria.b) Gram-negative bacteria.c) the cytoplasmic membrane.d) endospores.