Please compare mammalian systems vs. avian lungs by discussing the differences and similarities in the system's responses to temperature and concentration gradient
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Please compare mammalian systems vs. avian lungs by discussing the differences and similarities in the system's responses to temperature and concentration gradient
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- When researchers first discovered that airflow through a bird’s paleopulmonal parabronchi is unidirectional, the question arose as to whether gas exchange is countercurrent, cocurrent, or cross- current. Some ingenious investigators carried out experiments in which they measured the efficiency of gas exchange between air and blood in duck lungs when parabronchial airflow was in its normal direction and when the direction of parabronchial airflow was artificially reversed. The efficiency did not change. How is this evidence against countercurrent and cocurrent gas exchange? How is this evidence for cross-current exchange?Because flight is metabolically demanding, birds have very efficient systems that help to meet these demands. Look at the following list of characteristics and choose those that contribute to the physiological demands of flight. One-way airflow respiration Endothermy Large heart Nucleated red blood cells Slow heart rate Two-cycle lung ventilation Air sacs Separate pulmonary / systemic circulation Air capillariesSOURCE: Gills are the main site of gas exchange in almost all fishes. The gills consist of bony or cartilaginously stiffened arches that anchor pairs of gill filaments. In sharks, the pairs of gill filaments are separated by a fleshy septum. The numerous, minute lamellae that protrude from both sides of each filament are the primary sites of gas exchange; however, not all the blood flow in the gills is directed to the lamellae. "Nonrespiratory basal blood channels or venolymphatic simuses may carry a significant fraction of the gall blood found that resting rainbow trout perfused approximately 58% of their lamellae with blood. Trout in hypoxic (low dissolved oxygen) water or injected with epinepherine (eg. simulating stress or excitement) perfused more than 70% of their lamellae. Conversely, injections of acetylcholine decreased perfused lamellae to approximately 43%. These results indicate that rainbow trout can increase the number of lamellae that are used in respiration as the…
- At various points throughout Earth’s geological history, atmospheric and oceanic oxygen levels have been different than they are today. If future oxygen levels in the ocean become higher than they are today, what effect do you think this will have on the relative frequencies with which ram ventilation or buccopharyngeal pumping are used by aquatic vertebrates? Please explain your answer.Can you answer all the parts to this question regarding fish A: Describe countercurrent exchange in your own words. B: Describe concurrent exchange in your own words. C: Mammals have dead end sacs called “alveoli” and don’t have the super efficient countercurrent exchange system seen in fish. Why do you think countercurrent exchange is necessary for fish? (hint: think about the difference between where most mammals and fish live).Explain how ventilation in bird lungs differs from that in mammalian lungs, including the advantage of the avian system over the mammalian one. please help with eamples
- Which of the following combinations would all result in an increase in stimulation to breathe? Group of answer choices decrease in PCO2 : increase in H+ : decrease in PO2 increase in PCO2 : increase in H+ : decrease in PO2 decrease in PCO2 : decrease in H+ : decrease in PO2 increase in PCO2 : decrease in H+ : increase in PO2 decrease in PCO2 : decrease in H+ : increase in PO2Trace the path of a mammalian red blood cell from the site of external respiration (gas exchange with environment) to the site of internal respiration (gas exchange with the cells). Include all heart chambers, named blood vessels, and the capillaries, veins and arteries where appropriate. For the vessels, make sure to indicate to which circuit they belong. Write your answers as a numbered list (see formatting menu -- click the three dots for "more" to see lists); do not write sentences. Edit View Insert Format Tools Table Daragranh YTrace the path of a mammalian red blood cell from the site of external respiration (gas exchange with environment) to the site of internal respiration (gas exchange with the cells). Include all heart chambers, named blood vessels, and the capillaries, veins and arteries where appropriate. For the vessels, make sure to indicate to which circuit they belong. Write your answers as a numbered list (see formatting menu -- click the three dots for "more" to see lists); do not write sentences. Edit View Insert Format Tools Table 12pt v Paragraph v