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- How can high-income countries benefit from covering much of the cost of reducing pollution created by low-income countries?A city currently emits 15 million gallons (MG) of raw sewage into a lake that is beside the city. Table 12.13 shows the total costs (TC) in thousands of dollars of cleaning up the sewage to different levels, together with the total benefits (TB) of doing so. Benefits include environmental, recreational, health, and industrial benefits. Using the information in Table 12.13 calculate the marginal costs and marginal benefits of reducing sewage emissions for this City. What is the optimal level of sewage for this city? How can you tell?Can extreme levels of pollution hurt the economic development of a high-income country? Why or why not?
- As the extent of environmental protection expands, would you expect the marginal benefits of environmental protection to rise or fall? Why or why not?Econo X C A small city has an open space in X + =es/3d8faf7a-7f4e-423e-967d-dd440d76e4f0/5/6rnrrh/tools/assessment/items/1d065957-ec50-43fd-8ea9-... -5% True Command-and-control regulation is typically more efficient than emissions taxes. Answer Bank Pollution taxes encourage firms to find innovative ways to remove pollution. H Firms generate the same level of pollution regardless of any pollution taxes that are imposed. With a pollution tax, firms must pay a fine if they pollute more than the legally specified amount. Q Search Resources Ex Give Up? False A A pollution charge and a pollution tax are the same thing. Q Hint GComputer models of global climate changecaused by increasing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere predictnot only higher overall temperatures, but also more intense andfrequent heat waves. During the devastating European heatwave in the summer of 2003, between 35,000 and 52,000“excess deaths” occurred. Before taking specific actions toreduce carbon dioxide emissions, economists and politicians tryto estimate the costs. Should excess deaths be included as acost of inaction? If so, what value should we place on a life?
- QUESTION 7 Choose a wrong statement about uniformly mixed fund pollutants. O The damage caused by uniformly mixed pollutants is relatively insensitive to where the emissions are injected into the atmosphere. A difficulty with emission charge is determining how high the charge should be set in order to ensure that the resulting emission reduction is at the desired level. The policy can focus simply on controlling the total amount of emissions in a manner that minimizes the cost of control. O The cost-effective allocation is found by equating the total control costs of the two sources.4. Understanding different policy options to correct for negativeexternalities Carbon dioxide emissions have been linked to melting of sea ice. The following table lists some potential regulations targeting the amount of airborne carbon dioxide. For each policy listed, identify whether it is a command-and-control policy (regulation), tradable permit system, corrective subsidy, or corrective tax. Tradable Permit System Public Policy The government limits total carbon-dioxide emissions by all factories to 260,000 tons per five years. Each individual factory is given the right to emit 230 tons of carbon dioxide, and factories may buy and sell these rights in a marketplace. Trees take carbon dioxide out of the air and convert it to oxygen, so the government funds a tree-planting initiative by offering $440 to any citizen who plants a tree. The government orders every factory to adopt a new technology, which reduces carbon-dioxide emissions into the atmosphere. The government charges…Firm 11 2 Initial Pollution Level 3 100 200 $20 $40 Above is tabulated the pollution level in tons for three different manufacturing firms, as well as their cost per ton of reducing pollution. The government has decided to limit total pollution to 300 tons, and distribute to each firm 100 permits, each allowing the firm to emit 1 ton of the pollutant. By how much would the total cost of the pollution reduction initiative be reduced if the firms are allowed to trade their permits, as opposed to not letting them trade them? Cost of Reducing Pollution by 1 Unit $10 300
- Define (a) externalities and (b) sunk costs, andthen give examples of each that might be involvedin a proposal by an energy company to build anew coal-fired electric power generating unit. Howwould these factors be worked into the analysis?мсо 46 If the units of output purchased in a competitive market generate positive externality benefits, we can infer that the competitive equilibrium outcome is such that: A the market price is equal to marginal social benefit B marginal private cost is greater than the market price C I do not want to answer this question. D marginal private cost is greater than marginal private benefit E marginal private cost is less than marginal social benefit F marginal private benefit is greater than marginal social benefitWhat advantages and disadvantages do you see in using acap-and-trade system to reduce greenhouse gas emissions?What pros and cons do you see in using carbon taxes toachieve this goal? What do you think of the idea of a revenueneutralcarbon tax? If you were a U.S. senator, what type ofpolicy would you support in order to address emissions in theUnited States, and why?
