Question 4. (1) As discussed, the IS-LM model can explain the impact of fiscal policy to aggregate output (Y). For the IS curve, government purchase (G) is an endogenous or exogenous variable? How a lower government purchase G would affect Y? How to illustrate the change graphically? (2) For the LM curve, use your language to explain how the supply of real money balance is related to total money supply (M) and the price level (P). For M and P, which one is endogenous or exogenous to the LM model? (3) Use your language to explain how to derive the aggregate demand (AD) curve from the IS- LM model? How the AD curve is sloped and why?
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- please explain each question 1. What effect a selling bond will have on the money market? Explain using bond prices. 2. Assume that fiscal policy can be accomplished by changing only one of G and T. In the IS-LM framework, suppose the effect on the general equilibrium output is the same between expansionary fiscal policy and expansionary monetary policy. Which one would you expect to have a greater impact on the equilibrium consumption? Explain in words. Hint: Monetary policy affects also affects Y in the IS-LM framework!4. Consider the following IS-LM model: Consumption:C = 200 + .25YD Investment : I = 150 + .25Y -1000i Taxes : T = 200 Government Expenditures : G = 250 Demand for Real Money Balances : (M/P)d = 2Y -8000i Money Supply : M/P = 1600 a. Derive the IS relation. (Hint: You want an equation with Y on the left side and everything else on the right.) 9-C-1+G Y= 200 0.25 (Y-200) + 150 0.25 4-1000(1) +250+ Y- 200 0.254-50+1500. 25Y- 1000i+250G 93D550-1000 b. Derive the LM relation. (Hint: Write this equation with i on the left side and everything else on the right.)Exercise 1 a) Use the equation for the circular flow of the real economy to give an overview of thedemand side components and tie players in the macroeconomy to each of thesecomponents.b) How can you use the equation for the circular flow to discuss the effect of fiscal policyand monetary policy?c) As a follow up from part b), discuss the statement: “During the pandemic, expansionarymonetary policy did not boost the economy as expected”.d) For the following two cases, use the equation for the real interest rate to give anexample for each case using numbers for real interest rate, nominal interest rateand inflation. Explain each number you select.Case 1: A situation where it is a real cost if you borrow money.Case 2: A situation where it is a real gain if you borrow money.e) Let GDP (Gross Domestic Product) as a simplification, only be one good, apples. Find theGDP deflator if nominal GDP = 100 and real GDP = 20 and explain these three numbersusing apples as an example.f) As a follow up…
- 1. IS-LM-AD Suppose the economy of Canada is governed by the following consumption function, investment function, and fixed values of government expenditure and taxes C =300 +0.6(Y-T), I =700- 80r, G =500, T =500. Further, suppose that the money demand function, money supply, and price level are given by =Y- 200r, М - 3000, P 2. (a) Compute the IS and LM curves, and plot these curves for interest rates ranging from 0% to 15%. Find the equilibrium levels of Y and r. (b) Suppose that the government increases expenditures to G = 700. What are the new equilibrium values of Y and r. What is the government expenditure multiplier? 500), compute the aggregate (c) For the initial levels of government expenditure (G demand curve. What is the level of aggregate demand when the price level is equal to 4? (d) Now consider the case where G increases to 700. What is the new level of aggregate demand when holding the price level equals 4? 1 (e) Suppose that investment is now more sensitive to…1. Which of the following is concerned with changing the aggregate demand of thenation?A) External balanceB) Internal balanceC) Expenditure-changing policiesD) Expenditure-switching policiesAnswer: 2. Which of the following is an example of an expansionary monetary policy?A) Increase in TaxesB) Increase in the nation's money supplyC)Increased government expendituresD) Reduction in taxesAnswer:4) An economy is described by the following equations C = 500 +0.75 (Y-T) I= 1000 - 50r M/P = Y-200r G = 1000 T = 1000 M = 6000 P=2 a. Derive the IS and the LM equations. Calculate the equilibrium interest rate and level of income. b. Suppose that taxes are cut by 20% and the money supply is held constant. What are the new equilibrium interest rate and level of income? C. Now suppose that the Federal Reserve changes the money supply to hold the interest rate constant. What is the new level of income? What must the new money supply be? d. Now suppose that the Federal Reserve changes money supply to hold the level of income constant. What is the new equilibrium interest rate? What must the money supply be?
- Consider an economy with a constant nominal money supply, a constant level of real outout Y= 400, and a constant real interest rate r 10%. Suppose that the income elasticity of money demand is 1.20 and the interest elasticity of money demand is-0.10. a. By what percentage does the equilibrium price level differ from its initial value if output increases to Y 480.00 (and rremaine at 10%)? %AP= (enter your result as a percentage rounded to two decimal places). b. By what percentage does the equilibrium price level differ from its initial value if the real interest increases to r-12.50% (and Y remaina at 400)? %AP (enter your result as a percentage rounded to two decimal placea). c. Suppose that the real interest rate inoreases to re 12.50%. By what percentage would real output have to increase for the equilibrium price level to remain at its initial value? %AY- T(enter your reault an a percentage rounded to two decimal places)P4 3. Using the AA-DD model, explain: (a) why a temporary increase in the money supply raises output and the ex change rate; (b) why the effects of a permanent increase in the money supply are different from (a)9 Suppose the Republic of Newbee fixes the value of its currency, the Nam, to the dollar. In the U.S., the inflation rate is higher than the target inflation rate set by the Fed. The Fed then decides to reduce the money supply in the U.S. How will Newbee be affected by this action by the Fed. Use the DD/AA model to explain and graph your answer. Based on your answers can the government of Newbee use fiscal policy to stabilize Newbee’s real GDP? Explain and graph using the DD/AA
- Consider the following short-run IS-LM model with income taxation. The economy is described by equations (1) through (6): (1) C= 500 +0.75(Y - T) (2) T = 800 (3) G = 550 (4) 1 700 30 r (5) Y=C+I+G (6) M/P = 0.6Y60r where the nominal money supply M-1200 and the price level is P = 2. Then, in the short run, the equilibrium output for the economy is given by (approximately): 24.14 Y*=2636.80 Y*=2245.00 Y*=1900.00 h1. Dual Mandate: Suppose the central bank has a dual mandate. This implies the following IS-MP-AS model: IS: Ý = ā - b(R – F) MP: R -F = m(Tt – 7) + dỸ AS : T = Tt-1+õ¥ +õ (a) Why does the above model represent a dual mandate? (b) Solve for the AD curve of this economy. (c) Compare the slope of the AD curve in this economy to the slope of an AD curve in an economy with a single mandate (i.e. set d = 0.). Does the slope make sense given the central bank's objectives? Explain using a graph.1. A fiscal expansion coupled with a monetary expansion must always causea) Output to riseb) Output to fallc) Interest rates to rised) Interest rates to fall 2. Autonomous consumption isa) a function of disposable incomeb) a function of national incomec) a function of GDPd) a function of savinge) independent of the level of income 3. Monetary policy loses its effectiveness in all of the following situations EXCEPTa. When the IS curve is vertical.b. When the LM curve is nearly horizontal.c. When interest rate controlled by the Fed reaches zero.d. When the IS curve is horizontal. 4. In a small open economy, if the government adopts a policy that lowers imports, then that policy: a) raises the real exchange rate and increases net exports. b) raises the real exchange rate and does not change net exportsc) raises the real exchange and decreases net exportsd) lowers the real exchange rate 5. An increase in the trade surplus of the a small open economy could be the result of a. a domestic…