The inner leaflet (monolayer) of the human erythrocyte membrane consists predominantly of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine. The outer leaflet consists predominantly of phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin. Although the phospholipid components of the membrane can diffuse in the fluid bilayer, this sidedness is preserved at all times. How?
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The inner leaflet (monolayer) of the human erythrocyte membrane consists predominantly of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine. The outer leaflet consists predominantly of phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin. Although the phospholipid components of the membrane can diffuse in the fluid bilayer, this sidedness is preserved at all times. How?
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- The following observations are made on an unknownmembrane protein, X. It can be extracted from disrupted erythrocyte membranes into aconcentrated salt solution, and it can be cleaved into fragments by proteolytic enzymes. Treatment of erythrocytes with proteolytic enzymes followed by disruption and extraction of membrane components yields intact X. However, treatment of erythrocyte “ghosts” (which consist of just plasma membranes, produced by disrupting the cells and washing outthe hemoglobin) with proteolytic enzymes, followed by disruption and extraction, yields extensively fragmented X. What do these observations indicate about the location of X in the plasma membrane? Do the properties of X resemble those of an integral or peripheral membrane protein?Nitric oxide (NO) is a gaseous molecule with lipid solubility similar to that of O2 and CO2. Endothelial cells lining arteries use NO to signal surrounding smooth muscle cells to relax, thereby increasing blood flow. What mechanism or mechanisms would transport NO from where it is produced in the cytoplasm of an endothelial cell into the cytoplasm of a smooth muscle cell, where it acts?When the protein spectrin (in human red blood cells) holds the erythrocyte membrane in place, by attaching it to cytoskeletal proteins, spectrin is exhibiting: restricted movement in the membrane, based on tethering to extracellular molecules restricted movement in the membrane, based on confinement by diffusion barriers unrestricted movement in the membrane, similar to membrane lipids restricted movement in the membrane, based on attachment to other cells restricted movement in the membrane, based on anchoring to intracellular proteins
- If the phosphoglycerolipids constituting the framework of the plasma membrane, these are what give it its functions. There are two main classes of membrane proteins: intramembrane proteins and peripheral protections. What is the distinction between intramembrane and peripheral proteins.A phospholipid bilayer with equal amounts of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids displays a specific permeability to glucose. What effect will increasing the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids in the bilayer have on the membrane's permeability to glucose?Usually , rates of diffusion vary inversely with molecular weights; so smaller molecules diffuse faster than do larger ones. In cells, however, calcium ion diffuses more slowly than does cAMP. Propose a possible explanation.
- Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disorder caused by mutations in the CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane-conductance regulator) gene, which encodes the CFTR protein. The cells of the lining of the lungs contain high levels of the CFTR protein in their membranes. Normally, CFTR contains a chloride ion channel, which permits chloride ions to pass from inside the cells to the cells’ surfaces. The surface chloride ions are able to attract water in the lungs, allowing for the formation of a water layer on the cells’ surfaces. This thin water layer is necessary to allow the cilia, the tiny hairs on the surface of the lining cells to move back and forth easily. This motion permits the removal of mucus from the lungs. A particular error in the CFTR gene results in the replacement of the amino acid Phe with Ser at residue 508 of the CFTR protein. Individuals afflicted with CF most often experience the presence of thick, dry and sticky mucus in the lungs, leading to chronic infections and…There is a relatively high concentration of phosphatidylcholine on the lumenal side of the ER membrane. What feature of membranes is responsible for this effect?Transport of biomolecules to tissues takes place through capillary walls by both convection and diffusion. Consider an endothelium in which the gaps between the cells are characterized by the following dimensions: L=1 µm long, h=200 nm high, and W=10 nm in width (the last dimension is the distance between the two cells). The fluid is at 37degC and has the same properties as physiologic saline. Let the average pressure in the capillary be 45 mm Hg and let the pressure in the tissue be 0 mm Hg (ignore osmotic effects). Consider a small solute that has a diffusion coefficient of 1x10-5 cm2/s. Does this solute pass across the endothelium by diffusion or is it primarily carried by flow?
- Uniporters and ion channels support facilitated transport across cellular membranes. Although both are examples of facilitated transport, the rates of ion movement via an ion channel are roughly 104- to 105-fold faster than the rates of molecule movement via a uniporter. What key mechanistic difference results in this large difference in transport rate? What contribution to free energy (ΔG) determines the direction of transport?A 45-year-old man without a history of bleeding or excessive bruising dies suddenly due to rupture of an aortic dissection. Genetic analysis at autopsy shows a defect in the gene for fibrillin. Which of the following events most likely occurs with defective fibrillin? (A) Elastic fibers in the extracellular matrix are not correctly formed (B) Hyaluronic acid in proteoglycans is not sulfated on the proper hydroxyl residues (C) Intermediate filaments are not assembled in endothelial cells (D) Shorter side chains of chondroitin sulfate are present on the proteoglycans (E) Tubulin is not polymerized correctly due to the lack of GTP in endothelial cellsMany biological tissues have layers with extracellular matrix components and different orientations of these components. As a result, diffusion coefficients vary from region to region. Consider the steady-state, one-dimensional diffusion of a protein across a tissue that consists of a cellular phase and an acellular phase (like an artery wall consisting of a layer of smooth muscle cells and a layer of elastic lamina. Assume no reactions occur in either layer. The protein diffusion coefficients in the layers (1 and 2) are Di,1 and Di,2. The concentration at one edge is (x = 0) Ci = C0; on the other edge (x = L1 + L2 = L) Ci = CL. Assume that all partition coefficients in both layers are equal to 1. Use the figure below to help. Determine (A)the concentration as a function of position x, (B) the flux of the protein solute across the tissue, and (C) the effective diffusion coefficient if the system is modeled as a single layer.