The palladin gene, which plays a role in pancreatic cancer (see theintroduction to this chapter), is said to be an oncogene. Which of itscharacteristics suggest that it is an oncogene rather than a tumorsuppressorgene?
Q: A research study indicated that an agent in cigarette smokecaused the silencing of a…
A: Covalent histone modification can lead to epigenetic changes. It is the covalent modification of a…
Q: Distinguish between proto-oncogenes and tumorsuppressor genes.
A: The proto-oncogenes are those genes, which promote cell cycle and inhibit apoptosis of the cells.…
Q: Suppose a gain-of-function mutation happens in an oncogene. Which of the following changes is likely…
A: Cancer causing gene is known as oncogenes and its an abnormal active gene which promotes growth of…
Q: Oncogenes show a of mutation, while tumor suppressor genes show a of mutations. is the process by…
A: Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread…
Q: These genes are involved in normal cell growth and division, but if mutated, could become more…
A: Oncogenes are tumour-causing genes. They are mutated and abnormal that leading to uncontrolled cell…
Q: What is the difference between an oncogene and a tumor-suppressor gene? Give some examples of the…
A: Cell proliferation, cell differentiation, and cell survival are under the control of some critical…
Q: Which Is not one of the ways that a proto-oncogene can become converted into an oncogene? O…
A: A proto oncogene is a type of gene which is responsible for suppression of tumor example is p53 Its…
Q: What role Proto-oncogenes play ?
A: Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the instruction manual for the building of life. The complete set of…
Q: How can oncogenes lead to cancer?
A: Oncogenesis is a complex, multifactorial process by which normal cells turn into malignant cells.…
Q: Mutations to proto-oncogenes act toa. increase cell division. c. repress oncogenes.b. increase DNA…
A: Cancer-critical genes are categorized into classes; Proto-oncogenes and Tumor-suppressor genes. The…
Q: Explain how mutations in oncogenes and in tumor suppressorgenes cause cancer.
A: Cancer is a group of diseases that involves abnormal growth of the cell. These cells have the…
Q: BRCA1 and BRCA2 are genes that encode proteins involved in DNA repair. If DNA can not be repaired,…
A: BRCA1 (BReast CAncer gene 1) and BRCA2 (BReast CAncer gene 2) are genes that make proteins that aid…
Q: Define tumor-suppressor genes. Why is a mutation in a single copy of a tumor-suppressor gene…
A: Tumor-supressor genes: Tumor-suppressor genes is defined as normal genes that will slow down the…
Q: Which of the following mechanisms cannot activate a proto oncogene to an oncogene? * A single point…
A: A gene that does have the possibility to trigger cancer is known as an oncogene. These genes are…
Q: Which of the following is NOT a typical mechanism by which a proto-oncogene is converted to an…
A: Proto-oncogenes are healthy genes that are found in the cell. They play a very important role in…
Q: The myc oncogene increases expression of the glutamine transporter and glutaminase that converts…
A: Cancer is a disease defined by the uncontrolled development of a group of abnormal cells that can…
Q: The normal copies of tumor-suppressor genes encode proteins that have which three types of…
A: A tumour suppressor gene also known as anti-oncogene is a gene that is responsible to regulate the…
Q: Describe, using specific examples, the differences in how a growth factor gene and a tumor…
A: When we talk about cancer, there are certain genes associated with it. Oncogenes are genes that are…
Q: A research study indicated that an agent in cigarette smoke caused the silencing of a tumor…
A: The TP53 gene provides instructions for making a protein called tumor protein p53 (p53). This…
Q: Proto-oncogenes normally suppress tumor growth are under expressed in cancer cells increase…
A: Answer of the question given below...
Q: Compare the usual functions of proteins encoded by proto-oncogeneswith those of proteins encoded by…
A: Proteins are macromolecules formed by the long chain of amino acids. They are involved in a wide…
Q: Which of the following is an example of a proto-oncogene? 1) cell cycle inhibitor 2) tumor…
A: Oncogene The gene that are cancerous and divide cell abnormally.
Q: Describe the effects of the mutation causing the p21 promoter to no longer bind p53 on cell…
A: p53 is a tumor suppressor gene but if p53 gets mutated then this protein is not able to bind to the…
Q: Which one of the following events is unlikely to beassociated with cancer?a. mutation of a cellular…
A: Cancer is basically the uncontrolled proliferation of abnormal or mutated cells in the body. It is…
Q: Distinguish between proto-oncogene and oncogene. Describe two mechanisms by which genetic change…
A: Oncogene refers to the cancer-causing gene and is expressed in higher concentration in tumor cells…
Q: Define oncogene, proto-oncogene, and tumor-suppressor gene.
A: The most common gene in people with cancer is p53 or TP53. More than 50% of cancers involve the lost…
Q: What types of functions are performed by the products of proto-oncogenes?
A: Small segments of DNA encodes information for different functions and structure of the cell and thus…
Q: How oncogenes contribute to cancer?
A: Cancer: It is a disease where cells divide abnormally and damage other cells. There are…
Q: Of the following choices a loss of function mutation would most lukely contribute to cancer onset if…
A: Normal DNA contains a particular sequence of DNA. If the sequence of DNA is changed due to external…
Q: Explain in general what is meant by a proto-oncogene and how they are involved in the formation of a…
A: Proto-oncogenes are a bunch of normal genes present in a cell. They have the necessary information…
Q: Please answer all questions if possible. -B-Raf is not overexpressed in cancer though shows…
A: B raf is a protooncogene that produce BRaf protein. This protein plays role in regulating MAP…
Q: Relatively few inherited forms of cancer involve the inheritance of mutant oncogenes. Instead, most…
A: Cancer is an uncontrolled division of cell that has a defunct apoptosis mechanism. Usually, when…
Q: How might overexpression of proto-oncogenes lead to abnormal cellular proliferation?
A: A proto-oncogene is a cell's normal gene. Proto-oncogenes are plentiful. Each one is in charge of…
Q: Compare and contrast oncogenes versus tumor-suppressorgenes.
A: Cancer is the uncontrolled proliferation of cells that can be treated by chemotherapy and…
Q: A research study indicated that an agent in cigarette smoke caused the silencing of the p53 gene,…
A: In an organism, almost all the changes that occur in gene expression that are epigenetic in nature…
Q: Is the following true or false AND EXPLAIN: Cells with one functional copy of a proto-oncogene will…
A: In a cell, a proto-oncogene is a normal gene. Many proto-oncogenes exist. Each one is in charge of…
Q: Which of the following describes the role typical proto-oncogenes have when they are expressed in…
A: Proto-oncogenes, although usually associated with tumors do have a very significant role to play in…
Q: How do BRCA1 and BRCA2 function in regard to cell proliferation (are they proto-oncogenes,…
A: jjBRCA proteins play an important role in a variety of biological functions. In response to DNA…
Q: One major goal of modern cancer therapy is toidentify small molecules—anticancer drugs—that canbe…
A: Anticancer drugs are used against cancer. Chemotherapy drugs kill cancer cells by stopping them from…
Q: Researchers have identified some tumors that have no recurrent mutations or deletions in known…
A: Deletion is a genetic aberration in which a part of a chromosome or a sequence of DNA is left out…
Q: Describe the relationship between proto-oncogenes and oncogenes.
A: Oncogene: a mutant form of a normal gene that controls the cell cycle positively. A proto-oncogene…
Q: Describe the genetic changes that convert proto-oncogenesinto oncogenes or inactivate…
A: Oncogenes can be defined as the genes which induce cancer in the organisms. These genes encode the…
Q: The product of the human papillomavirous oncogene E7promotes cancer by emhancing expression of…
A: Virus is a microscopic organism which contains a protective coat and the nucleic acid. It doesn’t…
Q: A gene that codes for a positive cell-cycle regulator is called a(n) _____. a. kinase inhibitor. b.…
A: The cell cycle is responsible for the continuity of life from one cell to the next since it…
The palladin gene, which plays a role in pancreatic cancer (see the
introduction to this chapter), is said to be an oncogene. Which of its
characteristics suggest that it is an oncogene rather than a tumorsuppressor
gene?
A disease is an abnormal condition that negatively impacts the structure and function of an organism. It is a medical condition that is associated with certain signs and symptoms.
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- Relatively few inherited forms of cancer involve the inheritance of mutant oncogenes. Instead, most inherited forms of cancer are defects in tumor-suppressor genes. Give two or more reasons why inherited forms of cancer seldom involve activated oncogenes.Cancer-promoting mutations are likely to have different effects on the activity of proteins encoded byproto-oncogenes than they do on proteins encodedby tumor-suppressor genes. Explain.The C-myc gene is a proto-oncogene which is highly expressed in breast tissue and appears to cause proliferation of breast tissue and its elevated expression is associated with breast cancer. Based just on the ChIP data from the previous questions (also shown below), which of the three drugs (estrogen, tamoxifen and raloxifene) would you recommend for treating breast cancer? Justify your response and explain the potential side effects of each drug.
- Identify two genetic mechanisms whereby proto-oncogenes can become overexpressed. Select the two mechanisms. Identify two genetic mechanisms whereby proto-oncogenes can become overexpressed.Select the two mechanisms. 1) alterations in chromatin structure 2) a gain-of-function alteration 3)modification of proto-oncogenes products 4)mutations that result in an abnormal protein product 5)mutations within gene-regulatory regionsUnder normal physiological conditions, proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressorshelp control cell growth and proliferation. When mutated, these proteinscontribute to the development of cancer. Briefly detail the molecular basis of thisphenomenonSome cancers are consistently associated with the deletion of a particularpart of a chromosome. Does the deleted region contain an oncogene or atumor-suppressor gene? Explain.
- The Human papillomavirus (HPV) has been linked to an increased risk of cervical cancer. The HPV E6 and E7 proteins govern the cell via altering cellular proteins. The E6 protein interacts with the tumor suppressor protein p53 and directs its ubiquitin-mediated destruction. Can you elaborate about the P63 gene: its function and if it can be altered/mutated by HPV? If it does, what is the relationship between P53 and P63? Thank you!Proto-oncogenes can be converted to oncogenes in a numberof different ways. In some cases, the proto-oncogene itselfbecomes amplified up to hundreds of times in a cancer cell.An example is the cyclin D1 gene, which is amplified in somecancers. In other cases, the proto-oncogene may be mutatedin a limited number of specific ways, leading to alterations inthe gene product’s structure. The ras gene is an example of aproto-oncogene that becomes oncogenic after suffering pointmutations in specific regions of the gene. Explain why thesetwo proto-oncogenes (cyclin D1 and ras) undergo such differentalterations to convert them into oncogenesThe P63 and P53 have similar functionalities in the cell, however, p53 is rarely associated directly with p63, suggesting that p63 may indirectly act as an oncogene by blocking p53 function. This hypothesis may also explain why p63 is associated with other indications of misinterpretation. I do understand the above statement, however once piece not clear – why would p63 block p53 function? Have these genes been shown to have opposing functions? From the background information provided above, it seems like they would have seminar functions. Explain.
- Is the presence of oncogenic Ras necessary for transient inflammatory stimulation to induce chronic pathologies (such as cancer) OR is chronic inflammation essential for oncogenic Ras to induce tumorigenesis?Explain why mutations in tumor suppressor genes are recessive (both copies of the gene must be defective for the regulation of cell division to be defective), whereas mutations in oncogenes are dominant.Cancer is caused by many different types of gene mutations. Some mutations are in proto-oncogenes, which lead to overexpression of the genes, and other mutations are in tumor suppressor genes, which lead to under expression or no expression in these genes. Which kinds of gene mutations would RNA interference (RNAi) be better at treating? Explain.