The partial negative charge (and partial positive charge) in a molecule of water occurs because a) the electrons shared between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms spend more time around the oxygen atom nucleus than around the hydrogen atom nucleus. b) the oxygen atom forms hybrid orbitals that distribute electrons unequally around the oxygen nucleus. O c) one of the hydrogen atoms donates an electron to the oxygen atom. d) one of the hydrogen atoms gains protons
Formal Charges
Formal charges have an important role in organic chemistry since this concept helps us to know whether an atom in a molecule is neutral/bears a positive or negative charge. Even if some molecules are neutral, the atoms within that molecule need not be neutral atoms.
Polarity Of Water
In simple chemical terms, polarity refers to the separation of charges in a chemical species leading into formation of two polar ends which are positively charged end and negatively charged end. Polarity in any molecule occurs due to the differences in the electronegativities of the bonded atoms. Water, as we all know has two hydrogen atoms bonded to an oxygen atom. As oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen thus, there exists polarity in the bonds which is why water is known as a polar solvent.
Valence Bond Theory Vbt
Valence bond theory (VBT) in simple terms explains how individual atomic orbitals with an unpaired electron each, come close to each other and overlap to form a molecular orbital giving a covalent bond. It gives a quantum mechanical approach to the formation of covalent bonds with the help of wavefunctions using attractive and repulsive energies when two atoms are brought from infinity to their internuclear distance.
Introduction
A polar molecule is a molecule that has a net dipole moment, meaning it has a partial positive charge on one end and a partial negative charge on the other end. This occurs when the electrons in the molecule are unevenly distributed, either because of differences in electronegativity between the atoms or because of the molecule's shape.
In a polar covalent bond, the electrons are shared unequally between the atoms due to differences in electronegativity. For example, in the water molecule, the oxygen atom is more electronegative than the hydrogen atoms, so the electrons in the covalent bonds spend more time around the oxygen atom, creating a partial negative charge on the oxygen and a partial positive charge on the hydrogen atoms.
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