The PDH complex is a logical point of regulation in metabolism, as it links two majorcatabolic processes. Answer the following regarding the complex:a) Explain the advantage of E1, E2 and E3 working as a complex as opposed toseparately.b) Explain the purpose of each of the three enzymes and their associated cofactors.c) NADH can inhibit the PDH complex directly or indirectly. What is the purpose ofinhibition by NADH?d) Explain the differences between direct and indirect inhibition by NADH. Be sureto indicate the components involved and the mechanism of inhibition (impact ontarget component).

Cellular respiration is a collection of three metabolic pathways that generate ATP the energy…

Answered: The PDH complex is a logical point of…

Biochemistry

9th Edition

ISBN:9781319114671

Author:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Publisher:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Chapter1: Biochemistry: An Evolving Science

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1P

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Determine whether the following statements are true or false:- a) The pentose phosphate pathway of glucose conversion is a supplier of NADPH (H +) for reductive syntheses. b) An overdose of insulin causes hypoglycemia in a patient with diabetes mellitus. c) Fructose-6-phosphate is an allosteric regulator of glycolysis.
Which of the following regulatory mechanisms are used to regulate the enzyme activity of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDH)? 1) its activity is decreased by elevated levels of the products of the reaction via allosteric control 2) its activity can be modulated only through reversible covalent modification (phosphorylation/dephosphorylation) 3) insulin causes the complex to be phosphorylated, thus increases its activity 4) the complex is more active when dephosphorylated, a process triggered by insulin 5) the protein kinase that phosphorylates the PDH complex is sensitive to changes in the levels of ATP a) 2+3+5 b) 1+2+3 c) 1+3+5 d) 2+4+5
Phosphoglycerate mutase (PGM) catalyzes the interconversion of 3-phosphoglycerate (3PG) and 2-phosphoglycerate (2PG) in the glycolytic and gluconeogenic pathways. a) To what enzyme class does PGM belong? b) There are two distinct classes of PGM, one which is dependent on 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG), dPGM, and one which is not, iPGM. dPGM uses acid base chemistry and a phosphorylated histidine residue to interconvert 3PG and 2PG. The dPGM reaction proceeds with formation of 2,3-BPG as an intermediate. Propose a mechanism for the dPGM-catalyzed conversion of 3PG to 2PG that is consistent with this information. c) What is the purpose of 2,3-BPG (i.e., why does dPGM require it)?
Von Gierke’s disease is also known as glycogen storage disease type I. Patients with von Gierke’s disease lackglucose 6-phosphatase activity. Two prominent symptoms of this disorder are fasting hypoglycemia and lactic acidosis (elevated lactate levels in the blood), especially during strenuous exercise. Explain why these symptoms occur. What chemical reaction does this enzyme catalyze? Which pathways involve this enzyme? Lacking thisthe enzyme will cause impairment of which pathways?• Pls consider what pathways are affected by Von Gierke’s disease. Include in your explanation involving Cori’s cycle. can you please do not write by your hand? I mean computer if you can. thank you
Von Gierke’s disease is also known as glycogen storage disease type I. Patients with von Gierke’s disease lackglucose 6-phosphatase activity. Two prominent symptoms of this disorder are fasting hypoglycemia and lactic acidosis (elevated lactate levels in the blood), especially during strenuous exercise. Explain why these symptoms occur. What chemical reaction does this enzyme catalyze? Which pathways involve this enzyme? Lacking thisenzyme will cause impairment of which pathways?• Pls consider what pathways are affected by Von Gierke’s disease. Include in your explanation involving the Cori’s cycle.
The “bridge reaction”, using pyruvate dehydrogenase, is highly exergonic and is essentially irreversible. Name the 3 outcomes (name any activated carriers produced, name the molecule that is produced from losing one carbon atom from pyruvate, and name any modification to the remaining two carbon compound of interest ) of the separate enzyme activities found within the large dehydrogenase complex.
The immediate precursor to acetyl–CoA from glycolysis is pyruvate.a) Write the pathway (not the mechanism) for the series of steps for this conversion. Includestructures for all coenzymes and reactants for each step.b) Discuss the mechanistic advantages offered by this multienzyme complex. Be specific and giveexamples.c) The last step of the reaction, catalyzed by enzyme 3, includes three coenzymes and oxidation.Write the mechanism for this enzyme.
Consider the following Statements: (1) Citric acid cycle intermediates are often the products from amino acid carbon skeleton degradation. (2) The net effect of transamination is to collect the amino groups from a variety of amino acids into the amino acids glutamate and aspartate. (3) All of the reactions of the urea cycle occur within mitochondria. how many is true
Indicate whether the following statements are true or false:- a) The pentose phosphate pathway of glucose oxidation can lead to the release of energy. b) NAD + is a coenzyme of transketolase.
10a) Outline the mechanism for the conversion of alpha-ketoglutarate to succinyl-CoA which is catalyzed by alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase. b) Of the five steps involved with this process, which would most likely be metabolically irreversible under physiological conditions?
Which of the following statements about the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) is true? (A) The purpose of the pentose phosphate pathway is to produce NADH for use in anabolic pathways and ribose 6-phosphate for nucleotide synthesis.(B) The oxidative arm of the PPP produces (2) NADPH per glucose 6-phosphate that enters the pathway. (C) Phosphopentose isomerase converts the ribose 5-phosphate made in the oxidative arm of the PPP into ribulose 5-phosphate that is used to form the ribose sugar of nucleotides.(D) The non-oxidative arm of the PPP interconverts between ribose 5-phosphate and a variety of intermediates of b-oxidation. (E) One of the functions of the PPP is to provide NADPH that inhibits glutathione reductase so that it cannot oxidatively damage RBCs.
If α-ketoglutarate is removed from TCA cycle and used to make glutamate, how many of each of the cofactors (not intermediates) and high energy molecules in the TCA cycle are lost? How much ATP does this equate to (NADH = 2.5 ATP, FADH2 = 1.5 ATP)?

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