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- The graph in Figure 3 represents the information complied over a 10-year period showing the development of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the changes in the number of T4 lymphocytes. Key HIV T4 cells --- 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Time/years FIGURE 3 Explain the differences seen in the graph between the numbers of T4 cells and HIV particles over the 10-year period. Suggest why suffers with AIDS may contract Tuberculosis (TB), even though they have been vaccinated against it. Suggest how the immune response plays a role in the following: • Infertility Allergic reactions Number of T4 cells (lymphocytes in blood) Number of HIV particles8.Brief Typhoid fever infects roughly 21.6 million people incidence of 3.6 per 1,000 population) and kills an estimated 200,000 people every year. Describe its causation in terms of agent, host, and environment.?1.2 Mr Juju verbalises that he was vaccinated for corona viruses two weeks ago 1.2.1. Explain the role of antibodies following vaccination 1.3 A week later: Mr Juju presents with Blood Glucose of 17.8mm/dl and blood pressure of 90/50mmHg 1.3.1. Describe the action insulin in response to elevated blood glucose to maintain blood glucose to normal ranges 1.3.2. Explain the influence of hormonal regulation to maintain normal blood pressure under the following: 1.3.2.1. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) 1.3.2.2. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
- The graph in Figure 3 represents the information complied over a 10-year period showing the development of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the changes in the number of T4 lymphocytes. Key HIV T4 cells --- 0 1 7 8 9 10 2 3 4 5 6 Time/years FIGURE 3 Explain the differences seen in the graph between the numbers of T4 cells and HIV particles over the 10-year period. Suggest why suffers with AIIDS may contract Tuberculosis (TB), even though they have been vaccinated against it. Suggest how the immune response plays a role in the following: • Infertility • Allergic reactions Number of T4 cells (lymphocytes in blood) Number of HIV particles13) Hand, foot, and mouth disease usually occurs in children (< 10-year-old, who live in rural areas or in large family size). Fever, malaise, skin rash, ulcer in the palm of the hand, soles of the feet, and in the mouth are diagnosed. It is self-limited that’s resolved within 10 days and no treatment is required. This causative agent for these symptoms is : a. All choices b. Coxsackie virus A16 c. ssRNA (small) d. contiguous, transmitted via fecal-oral route and respiratory aerosol e. Both B and C f. a member of Picornaviridae family, Genus Enterovirus1) 286 individuals were newly diagnosed with Human Immunodeficiency Virus in 2018 in Minnesota. Of these individuals, 76% were male. HIV is an enveloped, ssRNA virus_ Baltimore classification VI. This virus targets CD4+ cells. CD4 refers to a glycoprotein which serves as a co-receptor for T-cells, located on T-helper and T-reg immune cells. a) What part of the HIV virus allows for specificity to CD4+ cells?
- "A published study suggests that the M72/AS01E vaccine may be able to prevent the development of active tuberculosis. The BCG is the only TB vaccine in routine use but has its limitations. Does this new vaccine provide a viable alternative? Compare and contrast the two vaccines and present your views on the future of TB vaccination." can you explain in detail the disadvantages of BCG. the explanation should include: Only works on children Fading Protection Varying Efficacies Can affect the results of common TB detection tests Contraindicated in immunocompromised individualswith HIV, explain the mechanism of intracellular infection and the role of reverse transcriptase. What would you explain about the process? What is the significance of the CD4+ count? ( Discuss the meaning of various ranges of CD4 counts.) List 5 opportunistic infections AND describe data to suggest whether or not a patient has such an infection.The figure shows the progress of an untreated HIV infection. Which curve represents the 800 600 concentration of helper T cells in the blood? 400 200 AS Years after untreated infection 9. 10 O None of the curves show helper T cell concentration. O curve C O curve A curve B
- Consider that SARS CoV-2 has a wide range of severity of symptoms, and it can have long incubation periods during which the individual is asymptomatic and may test negative. Comparing SARS CoV-2 with smallpox vs. polio, why is it difficult to contain the virus with quarantine.?4. During the SARS-CoV-2 (covid-19) pandemic, the government advised citizens to adopt a number of measures to help controlling the outbreak of the disease. For each of the following measures, indicate: i. Where they fit within the chain of infection; ii. How the measure helps break the chain. a. Wash hands frequently b. Avoid touching your face c. Work from home when possible d. Cough or sneeze into your flexed elbow or a tissue4. A 30 year old man has weight loss, and intermittent low-grade fevers with night sweats for the past 3 months. Sputum smears are positive for acid-fast bacteria. An x-ray of the chest shows infiltrates in the upper lung fields and hilar adenopathy. Which of the following is most likely responsible for formation of the lesions? (A) Anaphylactic hypersensitivity (B) Antibody-dependent cytotoxicity (C) Autoimmune reactivity (D) Immune complex formation (E) T-lymphocyte-mediated immunity