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- (a) What is the electrostatic potential energy (in joules) betweenan electron and a proton that are separated by 53 pm?a) Under equilibrium condition, what is the probability of an electron state beingoccupied if it is located at the Fermi level?(b) If EF is positioned at Ec , determine the probability of finding electrons in states atEc + kT. (A numerical answer is required.)(c) The probability of a state being filled at Ec + kT is equal to the probability of astate being empty at Ec + 3 kT. Where is the Fermi level located?(4) Electrons are no longer ejected from a sample of metal whenever it is illuminated by light with wavelength greater than 344nm. (a) Based on the table below, what is the most likely metal being illuminated? (b) If the sample is illuminated by light with wavelength 48.3nm, what is the stopping potential? (c) In the event this sample of metal were replaced by a metal with a smaller work function, but still illuminated with light with 48.3nm, would the kinetic energy of the ejected electrons increase or decrease? (d) What is the threshold frequency for cesium? Atom W (eV) Cesium 2.1 Calcium 2.9 Uranium 3.6 Cadmium 4.07 Lead 4.14 Niobium 4.3 Iron 4.5 Copper Cobalt 4.7 5 Gold 5.11 Platinum 6.35
- Semiconductor materials are the basis of modern electronics Conduction band (e.g. the transistors, memory and camera in your cell phones). Common semiconductor materials include Si, GaAs and CdSe. The energy states of semiconductors are generally divided into the valence band, where the electrons are bound to the atoms, 2S(e) 1D(e) and the conduction band where the wavefunction solutions of 1P(e) electrons allow some of them (the excited electrons) to move through the bulk material. The energy difference between the maximum energy level of the valence band, termed the valence band maximum (VBM), and the lowest energy of the conduction band, termed the conduction band minimum (CBM), of bulk CdSe is 1.74 eV. As shown in the figure, this difference is known as the bandgap energy, Eg. The CBM can be regarded as the excited state while the VBM can be regarded as the ground state. (we will not concern ourselves with the S, P, etc. orbital designations in the figure). 1S(e) Eg(QD) | 1S(h)…Covalent bonds in a molecule absorb radiation in the IR re-gion and vibrate at characteristic frequencies.(a) The C—O bond absorbs radiation of wavelength 9.6 μm.What frequency (in s⁻¹) corresponds to that wavelength?(b) The H—Cl bond has a frequency of vibration of 8.652x10^13Hz. What wavelength (in μm) corresponds to that frequency?(a) When chlorine atoms react with atmospheric ozone,what are the products of the reaction? (b) Based on averagebond enthalpies, would you expect a photon capable ofdissociating a C—Cl bond to have sufficient energy to dissociatea C—Br bond? (c) Would you expect the substanceCFBr3 to accelerate depletion of the ozone layer?
- A gold nucleus is located at the origin of coordinates, andan electron is brought to a position 2 Å from the origin inthe 1y direction.(a) Calculate the force on the gold nucleus exerted by theelectron giving its components Fx and Fy.(b) Calculate the potential energy of the gold nucleus andthe electron.8C.4 (a) the moment of inertia of a CH4 molecule is 5.27 x 10^-47 kg m^2. What is the minimum energy needed to start it rotating? 8C.5 (a) use the data in 8C.4 (a) to calculate the energy needed excite a CH4 molecule from a state with l=1 to a state with l=2Proton 1 moves with a speed v from theeast coast to the west coast in the continental United States; proton 2 moves with the same speed from the southern United Statestoward Canada. (a) Is the magnitude of the magnetic force experienced by proton 2 greater than, less than, or equal to the forceexperienced by proton 1? (b) Choose the best explanation fromamong the following:I. The protons experience the same force because the magneticfield is the same and their speeds are the same.II. Proton 1 experiences the greater force because it moves atright angles to the magnetic field.III. Proton 2 experiences the greater force because it moves in thesame direction as the magnetic field.
- Ca lcu late the size of the quantum involved in the excitation of (a) an electronic motion of frequency 1.0 x 1015 Hz. (b) a molecular vibration of period 20 Is. (c) a pendulum of period 0.50 s. Express the results in joules and in kilojoules per mole.Consider an electron in the N shell. (a) What is the smallest orbital angular momentum it could have? (b) What is the largest orbital angular momentum it could have? Express your answers in terms of h and in SI units. (c) What is the largest orbital momentum this electron could have in any chosen direction? Express your answers in terms of h and in SI units. (d) What is the largest spin angular momentum this electron could have in any chosen direction? Express your answers in terms of h and in SI units. (e) For the electron in part (c), what is the ratio of its spin angular momentum in the z-direction to its orbital angular momentum in the z direction? E and d no answerIn regard to the greenhouse effect, which statement is not true? (a) Ultraviolet and visible radiation are converted to infrared radiation at the surface of Earth. (b) Approximately one-third of the radiation of the Sun does not enter the atmosphere of Earth. (c) Infrared radiation is absorbed by greenhouse gases. (d) Greenhouse gases were not historically present in the atmosphere. (e) Ultraviolet radiation is absorbed by ozone.