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What is the largest family of cell surface receptors (>1% of the human genome)?
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- 12. Which statement regarding cell-surface receptors is correct? A) lon-channel-coupled receptors alter the membrane potential directly by changing the permeability of the plasma membrane. B) G-protein-coupled receptors are polypeptides with seven transmembrane domains. C) After binding their ligand, G-protein-coupled receptors interact with intracellular GTP-binding proteins, later initiating signal transduction events. D) All of the above E) None of the above Answer: Explanation:What property prevents the ligands of cell-surface receptors from entering the cell? The molecules bind to the extracellular domain. The molecules are hydrophilic and cannot penetrate the hydrophobic inferior of the plasma membrane. The molecules are attached to transport proteins that deliver them through the bloodstream to target cells. The ligands are able to penetrate the membrane and directly influence gene expression upon receptor binding.a) b) d) You, a Jojo's Bizzare Adventures fan, hear about the upcoming part 6 as an anime. You get very excited to the point where your heart just stops beating and you almost die. You are taken into the hospital and the doctor tells you that Ca2+ is not being released intracellularly, causing your heart to stop contracting. This may be due to which protein? Adenylyl Cyclase Intracellular Docking protein Protein Kinase A Phospholipase C
- Name and define (briefly) the four different types of receptors involved in Cellsignaling. Give an example of a ligand and specific type of receptor (where would you find the receptor?) for one of the receptors defined.Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the causative agent of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) infects T-helper cells that have the CD4 receptor on their surface: gp120 CD4 receptor -CXCR4 coreceptor RNA- Revorse transcriptase enzyme Core with - protein coat Capsomeres of protein coat Envelope T cll DNA (a) Structure of HIV (b) HIV infecting a T cell with CD4 receptors, and CXCR4 coreceptors which are distributed over the surface of the cell Copyright e 2001 Benjamin Cummings, an imprint of Addison Wesloy Longman, Inc. A. As shown in the above diagram, HIV attaches to a susceptible cell by a binding interaction between the gp120 protein on the virus protein and the CD4 and CXCR4 receptors on the surface of the T-helper cell. What will be the next event in the virus life cycle? B. One mechanism for transmission of HIV is direct contact during sexual activity. What is the other common mechanism of transmission?Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) is an important cytokine used by immune cells to initiate and coordinate inflammatory responses. Inflammation is a key response to cell damage or infection, but can, in some diseases, spiral out of control and become more of a problem than the original cause (COVID-19 lung damage is a relevant example...). TNF-α receptors exist on many cell types. Let’s study the interaction between TNF-α (T) and its receptor (R), to form an activated complex C: T + R ↔ C A macrophage is measured to have ~105 TNF-α receptors on its surface. If the macrophage is immersed in a high concentration of TNF-α molecules (i.e. L0 ≅ L), how will the number of activated receptors change over time? Plot this trend for the case L0 =10 nM, kf=106 M-1 min-1, kr=0.1 min-1. There is constant ligand concentration and an initial condition of C0 = 0. We are given the constants needed to model the number of activated receptors over time and can use the following equation:
- N-term N- ER Signal Sequence Part of BHCC Protein N-terminus Middle of Protein C-terminus 19a. Which parts of the BHCC protein would be: Body Text 2* 2 BHCC PROTEIN SEQUENCE # ER Stop Transfer 3 A) inside the Rough ER organelle (in the ER lumen) B) inside the Rough ER membrane (transmembrane) C) in the cytosol $ Where it is located after translation (A, B, or C) ANSWER ANSWER ANSWER 4 Middle A B % 5 ER Start Transfer I MacBook Pro 6 "1"' & 7 FLEEEEE C-term C7. A) What effect does the compound GppNHp, when applied to the inside of a cell during whole cell patch clamp recording, have on Cav2 channels at presynaptic terminals? B) What is the mechanism by which this compound affects G-protein signaling and Ca√2 channel activity? B. A.Non-canonical Hedgehog signaling results in actin cytoskeleton rearrangements, leading to cellmovement and changes in cell shape. Describe how changes to the actin cytoskeleton lead to cellmovement and changes in cell shape.You do not need to draw out the signaling pathway again (#1b). Your answer should focus onthe changes to the actin cytoskeleton. Drawings will be helpful!
- What would happen if the intracellular domain of a cellsurface receptor was switched with the domain from another receptor?Define Transmembrane JAK-STAT binding receptors?Compare and contrast GPCR and RTK receptors with respect to (a)structure (especially the transmembrane region), (b) activation mechanism, and (c) initial signal transduction across the membrane.