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- The Adaptive Immune Response Is a Specific Defense Against Infection Name the class of molecules that includes antibodies, and name the five groups that make up this class.You can choose one or more than one option Antibodies: IMMUNOLOGY basic have two identical antigen-binding sites. consist of two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains. are secreted by plasma cells are produced by T lymphocytes during adaptive immune response can bind their constant heavy chain region to phagocytes Which of the following proteins are transmembrane proteins? CELL BIOLOGY basic integrin oestrogen receptor phospholipase C adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase growth factor receptor What are the correct statements? MOLECULAR BIOLOGY advanced A mutation located within a promoter can change the gene expression. An mRNA can be differentially spliced according to the tissue. RNA transcribed by the RNA polymerase II are translated The end of the transcription process requires a specific DNA sequence A reverse transcriptase can polymerise either a DNA or an RNA strand. Which of the following cells kill other cells by exocytosis of…What occurs in an antibody-mediated response? Select all that apply. Cytokines induce the activated cytotoxic T cell to divide repeatedly and become many effector cells and memory cells bearing the same antigen as the original cytotoxic T cell. Cytokines induce the B cell to undergo repeated mitosis and differentiate into many effector B cells and memory B cells. Effector B cells begin making and secreting huge numbers of antibodies that recognize the same antigen as the original B cell. Effector helper T cell receptors bind to corresponding antigens on a B cell and produce cytokines.
- Which of the following steps are part of the processing of antigen by immune cells? Select all that apply. The vesicle containing the antigen fuses with a lysosome. Enzymes in the lysosome digest the antigen into components that bind to MHC markers. The antigen is initially released from the phagocytic cell via exocytosis. The antigen-MHC complex becomes displayed on the cell's interior.Which is/are involved in reacting to virus-infected cells? If you think more than one are involved, then select the answer that includes all of the relevant components. Choose one: - B cells AND T cytotoxic cells - T cytotoxic cells, AND MHC I - MHC I - B cells - T cytotoxic cellsThe cells illustrated below are examples of: potential antigen-presenting cells potential cells active in humoral immunity (synthesizing antibodies) potential cells active in cell-mediated immunity (T lymphocytes potential reticular cells
- The diagram shows a pathogen (in red) that is present in different cellular compartments of each of the cell types shown. In each case, a specific T cell subset will recognize peptides of that pathogen presented on MHC molecules on the surface of the cell, and will execute its effector function. From the list below, match the appropriate T cell effector response to the cell type and location of the pathogen. CD4 T cell killing of target cell CD8 T cell killing of target cell CD4 T cell activation of target cell’s antibody production CD8 T cell activation of target cell’s antibody production CD4 T cell activation of target cell’s ability to kill intracellular pathogen CD8 T cell activation of target cell’s ability to kill intracellular pathogenThe innate immune response together with antibodies are generally not effective at clearing infections established by pathogens that replicate inside host cells. The evolution of T cells has provided a means for the immune response to ‘see’ intracellular infections based on the ability of T cells to: Secrete cytokines that diffuse into the infected tissue Activate type I interferon production by macrophages and dendritic cells Activate macrophages to induce inflammation Recognize pathogen-derived peptides on host MHC surface molecules Express cytoplasmic sensors for detecting pathogen-derived nucleic acidsWhich of the following statements are NOT TRUE about Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs)? (Select all that apply) An APC can become activated from antigen binding as well as MHC binding APCs can carry mutliple MHCs Antigen presenting is due to APC activation Adaptive, innate, and non-immune cells can be APCs APCs travel to the sites of resident macrophages to recruit effector immune cells An APC that binds via their expressed MHC II will be killed
- Which of the following are elements of the structure of antibodies? Select all that apply. The antigen-binding sites of each antibody can bind to multiple antigen types. Four polypeptide chains are joined in a Y-shaped configuration. Each antibody has three binding sites for antigens. The antigen-binding sites are unique to each antibody.What happens when a helper T cell is activated? Multiple Choice Two populations of cells are formed: memory T cells and effector TH cells, the effector TH cells play a role in activating B cells. Two populations of cells are formed: effector TH cells and effector TC cells; these work together to activate B cells and macrophages. Activated TH cells produce cytokines that stimulate dendritic cells, converting them into antigen-presenting cells. Two populations of cells are formed: helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells; the TH cells activate B cells and the TC cells target virus-infected cells. Two populations of cells are formed: memory TH cells and effector TH cells; the effector TH cells produce a variety ofWhich of the following are true of interferons? Select all that apply. O They are a critical part of the innate immune system in fighting bacterial infections O They are a part of the second line of defense against viruses O They degrade viral DNA O They are signaling molecules produced by infected cells to help uninfected cells defend themselves agains viruses O They are part of innate immunity O They are part of adaptive immunity and are "trained" by the immune system to eliminate specific pathogens
