y y QUESTION 1 Consider the standard utility maximization problem: maxU = U(x,y) subject to Px+Py = B, where P P denote the price of goods x and y, respectively, and B represents the consumer's available income. (a) Write the Lagrangian function and obtain the first-order conditions. (6 marks) (b) Assume that U = xy, P = 1,P = 4 and B=120. Find A along with the optimal levels of purchase x and y. Calculate U. (10 marks) (c) Using the Bordered Hessian matrix, verify that the second-order conditions for a maximum are satisfied. (9 marks) y and
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- 3- Assuming that the equation F(U, x, X2 = f(x1, x2,, ... Xn): ******* **** ,xn) = 0 implicitly defines a utilityfunction U 073 a) Find the expressions for 60, 6U and 6x4 " 3 6x2 6xn 6x2 6xn b) Interpret their respective economic meanings. c) Now. assume the utility function is U(x, y) = y√x. Does the consumer believe that more is better for each good? Do the consumer's preferences exhibit a diminishing marginal utility of x? Is the marginal utility of y diminishing?(b) It is thought that a consumer measures the utility, u(x, y), of possessing a quantity, z, of apples and a quantity, y, of oranges by the formula u(x, y) = rªyla, where a is a constant. Suppose that apples cost p dollars each and oranges q dollars each. If the consumer has M dollars to spend on apples and oranges, use the method of Lagrange multipliers to find the quantity of each that he will buy in terms of a, p, q and M. [You are not required to justify the use of the method of Lagrange multipliers here.] For equally priced apples and oranges when he has one dollar to spend, he is actually observed buying one apple and two oranges. What value of a does this imply?1. Prove that MRS = - holds when the utility function is U = U₂ = U (91, 92).
- 1. For each of the three utility functions below, find the substitution effect, the income effect, and the total effect that result when prices change from p = (2,1) to p' = (2,4). Assume the consumer has income I = 20. (a) Before doing any calculation, make an educated guess about the relative magnitude of the three substitution effects and the three income effects to be found below. (b) u(x1, x2) = x1 + x2. (c) u(x1, x2) = x1x2. (d) u(x1,x2) = min {x1,x2). (e) Rank the substitution effects and the income effects found above by their magnitude. To what extent do they conform to your guess?Consider a consumer with the utility function u(x, y) = r*y", where a and b are both strictly positive real numbers. The consumer's income is m, the price of good x is px and the price of good y is py. (1) Verify that this consumer's preference satisfies local non-satiation and strict con- vexity. (2) Write down the consumer's utility maximization problem. (3) Setup the Lagrangian for the utility maximization problem and find the first-order conditions.5. Consider a consumer that seeks to minimize his expenditure E to achieve a given 1/41/4 level of utilityŪ. Assume that E = p₁x₁ + p₂x²; Ū=x^x^; and p₁ and p₂ are given. a) Set up the Lagrangian. b) Show the first-order conditions or minimization. c) Derive the expressions for the optimal levels of x, and x₂. d) Using the second-order conditions, verify if the solution generates a minimum value for E (Use H₂ to verify).
- Q1: (I)Asma eats only apples and almonds. Her level of income is $36, Price of apple (Pa) is $2 per kg and price of almond (Pl) is $6 per kg. The preferences of Asma are represented by the following utility function Utility U= 10*Qa + 40*Ql where Qa and Ql are Asam’s consumption of Apples and almonds. (a) which kind of preferences Asma has? (b) Find Utility per dollar spent on apple and almond (c) Find Marginal rate of substitution and interpret it (d) Find utility maximizing values of apples and almond and show graphicallyA consumer is maximising her utility function: U(r. y) = (r05 +y0.5)2, subject to the budget constraint 4x + 2y = 108. (a) Set up the Lagrangian function of this utility maximisation problem and first-order conditions. (b) What are the utility maximizing amounts of x and y? Also, calculate the multiplier. (c) What are the utility maximising amounts of x and y if the budget constrain to x+ 2y = 36? How would change? Explain your reasoning. (Hint: Yc need to calculate A, rather comment on how it would change and why.)QUESTION 1 Consider the standard utility maximization problem: maxU = U(x, y) subject to P x +P y = B, where P and y P denote the price of goods x and y, respectively, and B represents the consumer's available income. (a) Write the (b) Assume that U = xy, P = 1, P = 4 and Lagrangian function and obtain the first-order conditions. B=120. Find along with the optimal levels of purchase x and y. Calculate U Bordered Hessian matrix, verify that the second-order conditions for a maximum are satisfied. (c) Using the
- A utility function is given by the equation U = 20xe¬0.1x, where x is the number of glasses of wine consumed. (a) Show that this utility function has a maximum value and calculate the maximum utility. (b) Describe how marginal utility changes for glasses of wine consumed after the maximum utility is reached. Do you consider this reasonable? Give an explanation.ASAP 1. Consider a consumer with utility u(x1,x2) = .5lnx1 + .5lnx2 (b) Now, consider an equivalent representation of the above utility functionx51 x52 Does this utility function have the "increasing difference property"? Howabout the "strict increasing difference" property?3. Let there be two goods x and y with prices px and py respectively, and let M be the consumer's income. Let the consumer's preferences be represented by the utility function min(2x, y). Find the consumer's expenditure function. Note: you cannot use the Lagrange method as the utility function is not differentiable - but you have used the min U = utility function before. (4)