Chemistry
4th Edition
ISBN: 9780078021527
Author: Julia Burdge
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Textbook Question
Chapter 9.6, Problem 1PPA
Practice ProblemATTEMPT
Use valence bond theory and hybrid orbitals to explain the bonding in hydrogen cyanide (HCN).
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O CHEMICAL BONDING
Counting sigma and pi bonds in a small molecule
Answer the questions below about the highlighted atom in this Lewis structure:
H
:0:
Н—С — С - Н
H.
In how many sigma bonds does the highlighted atom
participate?
In how many pi bonds does the highlighted atom participate?
What is the orbital hybridization of the highlighted atom?
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Question:Theoretical Question: The hybridization of an atom in a molecule determines its geometry and reactivity. Consider the molecule X₃Y₂, where X represents an atom with sp² hybridization and Y represents an atom with sp³ hybridization. How would the hybridization and geometry of the central atom in X₃Y₂ affect its reactivity? Provide a detailed explanation.
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Question 2
Apply valence bond theory to H2O, (a) draw bonding molecular orbitals of O-H bonds, (b)
give the wavefunction of the O-H bond.
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Question 5
Construct the molecular orbitals of CN, give its ground state electron configuration, predict
its bond order.
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Chapter 9 Solutions
Chemistry
Ch. 9.1 - Practice Problem ATTEMPT
Determine the shapes of...Ch. 9.1 - Prob. 1PPBCh. 9.1 - Prob. 1PPCCh. 9.1 - 9.1.1 What are the electron-domain geometry and...Ch. 9.1 - What are the electron-domain geometry and...Ch. 9.1 - Prob. 3CPCh. 9.1 - Prob. 4CPCh. 9.1 - Prob. 5CPCh. 9.2 - Practice Problem ATTEMPT
Ethanolamine has a...Ch. 9.2 - Practice Problem BUILD
The bond angle in is...
Ch. 9.2 - Practice ProblemCONCEPTUALIZE Which of these...Ch. 9.2 - 9.2.1 Identify the polar molecules in the...Ch. 9.2 - Identify the nonpolar molecules in the following...Ch. 9.3 - Practice ProblemATTEMPT Use valence bond theory to...Ch. 9.3 - Practice ProblemBUILD For which molecule(s) can we...Ch. 9.3 - Practice ProblemCONCEPTUALIZE Which of these...Ch. 9.3 - Which of the following atoms, in its ground state,...Ch. 9.3 - According to valence bond theory, how many bonds...Ch. 9.4 - Practice Problem ATTEMPT Use hybrid orbital theory...Ch. 9.4 - Practice ProblemBUILD Use hybrid orbital theory to...Ch. 9.4 - Prob. 1PPCCh. 9.4 - How many orbitals does a set of s p 2 hybrid...Ch. 9.4 - How many p atomic orbitals are required to...Ch. 9.5 - Practice Problem ATTEMPT
The active ingredient in...Ch. 9.5 - Practice ProblemBUILD Determine the total number...Ch. 9.5 - Practice ProblemCONCEPTUALIZE In terms of valence...Ch. 9.5 - Which of the following molecules contain one or...Ch. 9.5 - 9.5.2 From left to right, give the hybridization...Ch. 9.5 - Which of the following pairs of atomic orbitals on...Ch. 9.5 - 9.5.4 Which of the following pairs of atomic...Ch. 9.6 - Practice ProblemATTEMPT Use valence bond theory...Ch. 9.6 - Prob. 1PPBCh. 9.6 - Prob. 1PPCCh. 9.6 - Prob. 1CPCh. 9.6 - Prob. 2CPCh. 9.6 - Prob. 3CPCh. 9.6 - Prob. 4CPCh. 9.7 - Prob. 1PPACh. 9.7 - Prob. 1PPBCh. 9.7 - Prob. 1PPCCh. 9.7 - Prob. 1CPCh. 9.7 - Prob. 2CPCh. 9.7 - Prob. 3CPCh. 9.7 - Prob. 4CPCh. 9.8 - Practice ProblemATTEMPT Use a combination of...Ch. 9.8 - Practice ProblemBUILD Use a combination of valence...Ch. 9.8 - Prob. 1PPCCh. 9 - Prob. 1KSPCh. 9 - Which of the following species does not have...Ch. 9 - 9.3
Which of the following species is polar?
Ch. 9 - Which of the following species is nonpolar (a) IC1...Ch. 9 - How is the geometry of a molecule defined, and why...Ch. 9 - 9.2 Sketch the shape of a linear triatomic...Ch. 9 - How many atoms are directly bonded to the central...Ch. 9 - Discuss the basic features of the VSEPR model....Ch. 9 - In the trigonal bipyramidal arrangement, why does...Ch. 9 - 9.6 Explain why the molecule is not square...Ch. 9 - Predict the geometries of the following species...Ch. 9 - Predict the geometries of the following species: (...Ch. 9 - Predict the geometry of the following molecules...Ch. 9 - Predict the geometry of the following molecules...Ch. 9 - Predict the geometry of the following ions using...Ch. 9 - 9.12 Predict the geometries of the following ions:...Ch. 9 - Describe the geometry around each of the three...Ch. 9 - 9.14 Which of the following species are...Ch. 9 - Prob. 15QPCh. 9 - The bonds in beryllium hydride ( BeH 2 ) molecules...Ch. 9 - Determine whether (a) BrF 5 and (b) BCl 3 are...Ch. 9 - Determine whether (a) OCS and (b) XeF 4 are polar.Ch. 9 - Prob. 19QPCh. 9 - Prob. 20QPCh. 9 - Prob. 21QPCh. 9 - Use valence bond theory to explain the bonding in...Ch. 9 - Prob. 23QPCh. 9 - Prob. 24QPCh. 9 - 9.25 What is the hybridization of atomic orbitals?...Ch. 9 - Prob. 26QPCh. 9 - 9.27 What is the angle between the following two...Ch. 9 - Prob. 28QPCh. 9 - Prob. 29QPCh. 9 - Prob. 30QPCh. 9 - Prob. 31QPCh. 9 - Prob. 32QPCh. 9 - Prob. 33QPCh. 9 - Prob. 34QPCh. 9 - Which of the following pairs of atomic orbitals of...Ch. 9 - Prob. 36QPCh. 9 - 9.37 Specify which hybrid orbitals are used by...Ch. 9 - The allene molecule ( H 2 C=C=CH 2 ) is linear...Ch. 9 - Prob. 39QPCh. 9 - Prob. 40QPCh. 9 - How many pi bonds and sigma bonds are there in the...Ch. 9 - Prob. 42QPCh. 9 - Benzo(a)pyrene is a potent carcinogen found in...Ch. 9 - What is molecular orbital theory? How does it...Ch. 9 - 9.45 Define the following terms: bonding molecular...Ch. 9 - Sketch the shapes of the following molecular...Ch. 9 - Explain the significance of bond order. Can bond...Ch. 9 - Explain in molecular orbital terms the changes in...Ch. 9 - 9.49 The formation of from two atoms is an...Ch. 9 - 9.50 Draw a molecular orbital energy level diagram...Ch. 9 - Prob. 51QPCh. 9 - Prob. 52QPCh. 9 - Which of these species has a longer bond, B 2 or B...Ch. 9 - Prob. 54QPCh. 9 - 9.55 Compare the Lewis and molecular orbital...Ch. 9 - Prob. 56QPCh. 9 - Prob. 57QPCh. 9 - Prob. 58QPCh. 9 - A single bond is almost always a sigma bond, and a...Ch. 9 - Prob. 60QPCh. 9 - In Chapter 8, we saw that the resonance concept is...Ch. 9 - Prob. 62QPCh. 9 - Prob. 63QPCh. 9 - Prob. 64QPCh. 9 - Nitryl fluoride ( FNO 2 ) is very reactive...Ch. 9 - Prob. 66QPCh. 9 - Prob. 67QPCh. 9 - Which of the following species is not likely to...Ch. 9 - Prob. 69APCh. 9 - Although both carbon and silicon are in Group 4A,...Ch. 9 - Predict the geometry of sulfur dichloride ( SCl 2...Ch. 9 - Antimony pentafluoride ( sbF 5 ) reacts with XeF 4...Ch. 9 - Prob. 73APCh. 9 - Prob. 74APCh. 9 - Predict the bond angles for the following...Ch. 9 - Briefly compare the VSEPR and hybridization...Ch. 9 - 9.77 Draw Lewis structures and give the other...Ch. 9 - Prob. 78APCh. 9 - Determine whether (a) PCl 5 and (b) H 2 CO (C...Ch. 9 - Prob. 80APCh. 9 - 9.81 Which of the following molecules are linear:...Ch. 9 - Prob. 82APCh. 9 - 9.83 The molecule can exist in either of the...Ch. 9 - Cyclopropane ( C 3 H 6 ) has the shape of a...Ch. 9 - Determine whether (a) CH 2 Cl 2 and (b) XeF 4 are...Ch. 9 - 9.86 Does the following molecule have a dipole...Ch. 9 - For which molecular geometries (linear, bent,...Ch. 9 - Prob. 88APCh. 9 - 9.89 Carbon suboxide is a colorless...Ch. 9 - The following molecules ( AX 4 Y 2 ) all have an...Ch. 9 - Prob. 91APCh. 9 - Write the ground-state electron configuration for...Ch. 9 - 9.93 What is the hybridization of C and of N in...Ch. 9 - The stable allotropic form of phosphorus is P 4 ,...Ch. 9 - Prob. 95APCh. 9 - Use molecular orbital theory to explain the...Ch. 9 - Carbon dioxide has a linear geometry and is...Ch. 9 - Draw three Lewis structures for compounds with the...Ch. 9 - Prob. 99APCh. 9 - Prob. 100APCh. 9 - Prob. 101APCh. 9 - Draw the Lewis structure of ketene ( C 2 H 2 O )...Ch. 9 - Prob. 103APCh. 9 - Which of the following ions possess a dipole...Ch. 9 - Prob. 105APCh. 9 - Prob. 106APCh. 9 - The compound TCDD, or...Ch. 9 - Progesterone is a hormone responsible for female...Ch. 9 - 9.109 Carbon monoxide is a poisonous compound due...Ch. 9 - Prob. 110APCh. 9 - Prob. 111APCh. 9 - Prob. 112APCh. 9 - 9.113 The compound 1,2-dichloroethane is...Ch. 9 - Consider an N 2 molecule in its first excited...Ch. 9 - Prob. 115APCh. 9 - Prob. 1SEPPCh. 9 - Prob. 2SEPPCh. 9 - These questions are not based on a descriptive...Ch. 9 - These questions are not based on a descriptive...
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- Which of the following molecule(s) are polar? Select all that apply: O Secla ICI5 AsCl5 OSICI4arrow_forwardSpecify the hybridization at the atoms labelled a-d. For each atom enter one of the following: sp3, dsp2, sp2, sp3d, or sp. Hybridizations are normally written with superscripted numbers, but OWL expects non-superscripted answers to this question. a)[ b) H c) d) H H ୦୯୯ H H H H a Harrow_forwardTo answer the following questions, draw the Molecular Orbital Energy Diagram for the diatomic molecule, BN. Which of the following statement is (are) true? (Select all that apply.) The highest energy molecular orbital that contains electrons is a2p. The bond order is 2. The bond order is 4. None of these BN is diamagnetic. BN is paramagnetic. The lowest energy molecular orbital that contains no electrons is r*2p.arrow_forward
- The hybridization of atom X in the following Lewis structure is a) sp b) sp2 c) sp3 d) sp3d e) sp3d2arrow_forwardarch Consider a molecule AB3, where element A and B both have 6 valence electrons. If the AEn for A=2.4 and the AEn for B = 3.0, predict the shape, bond hybridization and polarity (polar or non-polar) of the molecule. Your answer should follow the format: a) Steric Number of the molecule b) name of shape (based on the VSEPR names) c) bond hybridization d) bond polarity (polar or non-polar) e) molecular polarity (polar or non-polar) A/ Ai 3 O % 5 H N Marrow_forwardDraw the Molecular Orbital Energy Diagram for the diatomic molecule, CO. Which of the following statement is (are) true? (Select all that apply.) The highest energy molecular orbital that contains electrons is T2p. The bond order is 3. None of these statements are true. CO is paramagnetic. The lowest energy molecular orbital that contains no electrons is T*20. CO is diamagnetic. The bond order is 2.arrow_forward
- For each of the following molecules, draw the Lewis structure, predict the molecular shape using VSEPR method, and propose the orbital hybridization on the central atom of each molecule. (a) BeF2 (b) GeF2 (c) AsCl3 (d) BrCl3 (e) GeCl4 (f) SeCl4 (g) AsCls (h) BrF5 (i) SF, (j) XeF4arrow_forwarda) Draw the molecular orbital diagram of the given compounds, predict the bond order, and une comment on whether the molecule can exist or not. F₂ Be₂ b) Is CN¯diamagnetic or paramagnetic? c) Would you expect the bond in CN to be stronger or weaker than in the F₂ molecule? why? CN "arrow_forwardAssuming all interior atoms hybridize, how many atoms have sp³ hybridization in the molecule pictured below? ОН OH OH A) 7 (B) 6 (C) 5 D) 4 E) 3arrow_forward
- (CH3)2CNH2COOH Here the CH3-, NH2- and -COOH are all bonded to the bold, underlined C atom. Draw the lewis structure. a) What is the hybridization of the N? b) What is the hybridization of the bold, underlined C? c) What is the hybridization of the C bound to the O atoms? d) Is it possible for this molecule to be planar- to have all its atoms in one plane? YES or NO?arrow_forwardWhich types and how many atomic orbitals of the central atom mix to form hybrid orbitals in each of the following? (Hint: If the central atom is sp3, you should picks and 3p only. Select all that apply.) (a) Clo3 (b) SCI3F O s O s O p O d O 2p O 2p Зр O 3p O 2d O 2d 0 0 0 0 0 Oarrow_forwardConsider a molecule AB3, where both element A and B have 7 valence electrons. If the AFn for each bond = 0.4, predict the shape, bond hybridization and polarity (polar or non-polar) of the molecule. Your answer should follow the format: a) number of total electrons for bonding; b) Steric Number and Lone Pairs; c) name of shape based on the VSEPR chart, d) bond hybridization and e) molecular polarity. F8 F9 F11 F12 % * 5 7 8 9 Y P COarrow_forward
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