Metallurgy

Extractive Metallurgy Minerals are naturally occurring chemical substances in the earth’s crust obtainable by mining. Out of many minerals in which a metal may be found, only a few are viable to be used as sources of that metal. Such minerals are known as ores. Examples: Galena, PbS, etc. It is usually contaminated with earthly or undesired materials known as gangue. The extraction and isolation of metals from ores involve the following major steps: • Concentration of the ore, • Isolation of the

INTRODUCTION The Shape Memory Alloys are quite fascinating materials characterised by a Shape Memory effect and Super-elasticity, which ordinary metals and alloys do not have. This unique behaviour was first found in Au-47.5%Cd alloy in 1951, and was publicised by its discovery in a Ti-Ni alloy in 1963. After much research and development thereafter, shape memory alloys are now being practically used as new functional alloys for pipe couplings, antennae for cellular phones and various actuators

The intercepts grain size verses sample type is shown in (fig 2). The dark blue is the non-rolled samples average intercept grain size. The dark red shows the 20% cold rolled samples average intercept grain size. The green shows the 40% cold rolled samples average intercept grain size. The purple shows the 40% hot rolled samples average intercept grain size. The med blue shows the 60% cold rolled samples average intercept grain size. The orange shows the 60% hot rolled samples average intercept grain

CHAPTER 1 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Overview Nowadays it is impossible to imagine any device where microelectronics is not present, from personal computers through home appliances, modern society relies on the performance of integrated circuits. It is so, that microelectronics advent has opened doors to new horizons where integrated circuits have played an important role from the very beginning of their creation since the late 1950s, when Jack St. Clair Kilby, a Texas Instruments Engineer, decided to change

“Production process for ferrite-martensite DP600 steel with 30-35% total elongation” Team Members- Kishan - B.Tech (Juniour Undergraduate), Dept. of Metallurgical Engineering, IIT (BHU) – 13145020 Lal Babu Singh - B.Tech (Juniour Undergraduate), Dept. of Metallurgical Engineering, IIT (BHU) – 13145024 Contents: 1. The Concept of Dual Phase steels. 2. Factors influencing mechanical properties of Dual Phase steels. 3. The Challenge: Increasing total elongation without compromising

Effect of solute addition on grain refinement in cast magnesium alloys. 1. Introduction: Magnesium is 30% lighter than aluminum and possesses excellent mechanical properties. It has higher weight to strength ratio, damping capacity, dimensional stability, impact and dent resistance when compared to aluminum alloys or steel alloys. These properties have increased the usage of magnesium alloys in the automotive and aerospace industry for weight reduction. But magnesium alloys are often associated with

The direct deposition of Ti64 onto a 410 grade stainless steel base plate resulted in a very fine microstructure which transitions into a coarser one towards the Ti64 layer, as seen in Figure 1. FeTi intermetallics are commonly form during traditional fusion welding, as well as diffusion bonding of Ti based and Fe based alloy [1-5]. Microstructure along the interface seen in the current study was similar to that obtained by diffusion bonding of micro duplex steel to Ti64 alloy by Orhan et al. [30]

Introduction The World Trade Center was a global icon of The United States of America. The tallest of the buildings was over 1,300 feet high (10). With such large buildings, the materials used in construction needed to meet certain standards just to successfully stand erect. The design intent has the biggest factor for the material selection. In the World Trade Centers, the materials were supposed to meet certain properties and requirements. The analysis of whether or not the World Trade Center buildings

Table of Contents 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1. Definition 1 1.2. Displacive Transformations 1 1.3. Hysteresis 2 1.4. Crystal structures of Ti-Ni based martensites 3 1.5. Spectroscopy techniques to determine composition of SMA 4 1.5.1. Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy 4 1.6. Phase diagram of Ti-Ni Alloys 5 2. APPLICATION OF SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS IN INTELLIGENT REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES (IRCS) 7 2.1. Concept of IRCs 7 2.2. Important Shape Memory Alloy Properties Applied in IRC 7 2.2.1. Shape Memory

Quartz is a continuous framework of the mineral silicon-oxygen tetrahedra that makes up the second most common mineral found in the earth’s crust. Citrine is a variation of quartz that is gemstone quality and is a pale yellow to golden orange in color whose name comes from the french word Citron, meaning Lemon. Most citrine available today is manufactured by a heat treatment that forms the golden color. Natural citrine is fairly rare so it is more valuable and generally ranges from a light yellow