Metastasis

Title Lung cancer is one of the most common types of cancer, but more importantly, it has a very low survival rate. The sad truth is that nearly all cases of lung cancer could have been prevented, simply by not smoking. Mr. Ward is a perfect example of this in the case study. Having smoked for approximately 67 years, it was only a matter of time before he developed some type of cancer, in this case lung cancer. This paper will describe how lung cancer, specifically squamous cell cancer of the right

DISCUSSION : NSCLC is the leading cause of cancer related deaths worldwide Brain, Bone, Liver and adrenal gland are the most common extra pulmonary sites of distant metastases (1) 20-50% of NSCLC will present with metastatic disease. Stage IV NSCLC has an overall median survival time of 7-11 months (2) the standard management of stage IV Lung cancer is palliative chemotherapy with platinum based combination. Patient presenting with Anorexia weight loss and fatigue have an especially poor prognosis

biopsy (Kashyap, 2016). Prognosis There are various characteristics of the tumor and a range of presenting symptoms that are associated with a higher rate of metastasis and thus a poor prognosis. Increased tumor thickness was associated with a higher rate of metastasis (Kashyap, 2016). Other features associated with increased risk of metastasis included optic disc involvement, flashes, floaters and blurred vision (Kashyap, 2016). Chromosomal abnormalities in chromosomes 1,3,6 and 8 are associated

Title : Solitary cervical lymphadenopathy : a rare presentation of renal cell carcinoma. Abstract: Renal Cell Cancer, considered as the most fatal cancer of urinary tract is most frequently diagnosed as an incidental finding. Very few cases in literature are noted to present with cervical lymph node enlargement especially solitary. We report a rare case of left renal cell carcinoma in a young female, presenting with left cervical lymphadenopathy. Fine needle aspiration cytology was suspicious

maintained at low basal level in major adult organs such as the brain, lung, and heart, but it is strongly induced in tumors. It may also be important for tumor metastasis, because it is elevated in metastatic cancer cell lines, in lymph node metastasis, and knockdown of GRP78 inhibits tumor cell invasion in vitro and growth and metastasis in xenograft models (Fu and Lee,

are less specialized than normal cells. The first and original tumor is called primary tumor. Primary tumor may spread to other parts of the body and create new tumors. A cancer spread from the starting place to another place that is called metastasis. Metastatic tumor is the same type of cancer as the primary tumor and they

Discussion: Breast cancers mostly invade into adjacent regions and metastasize to lymph nodes and distant organs. To develop novel treatments strategies, it is essential to address factors underlying tumorgenesis, invasion and metastasis. In this study, we identified Bmi-1, S100A4 and claudin-1 as important players in breast cancer progression. The current study illustrated the expression of these markers in primary breast cancer tissues, followed by demonstrating the association between their expressions

hypothesized that cancer progresses from sites of chronic inflammation. Recent advancements over the last couple decades have provided evidence to support chronic inflammations role in tumourigenesis. As a tumour continues to grow and develop, the risk of metastasis increases, resulting in poor prognosis. If

miR-155, miR-34, miR-196a, miR-181a, miR-181b, miR-138-5p, miR-494, miR-542-3p, miR-31, and miR-205 has been identified and upregulation of these miRNAs has been shown to increase cellular proliferation, angiogenesis promotion, disease progression, metastasis and chemo-resistance in PC patients [388, 395-402]. Moreover, these studies highlight the potential use of exosomal miRNAs as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker. Likewise, targeting the exosomal miRNAs might be a potential therapy for PC. Additionally

via resident fibroblasts, which serves as a docking site for VEGFR1+ hematopoietic progenitor cell (HPC) clusters and secondary seeding. During metastasis of breast cancer to lung, interaction of VCAM-1+ cancer cells with VLA-4-expressing macrophages, activates PI3K/Akt signaling in tumor cells, protecting them from caspase-induced apoptosis. Bone metastasis is also facilitated by interaction of VCAM1 with different integrin partner, α4β1, in osteoclasts. Thus, we can conclude that disruption of adhesion