1. This problem concerns the difficulty of directly detecting Earth-like planets.The Bond albedo for the Earth is 0.29. Calculate the fraction of the total emitted light fromthe Sun that is reflected by the Earth.
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1. This problem concerns the difficulty of directly detecting Earth-like planets.
The Bond albedo for the Earth is 0.29. Calculate the fraction of the total emitted light from
the Sun that is reflected by the Earth.
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- Two large parallel plates with surface conditions approximating those of a blackbody are maintained at 816C and 260C, respectively. Determine the rate of heat transfer by radiation between the plates in W/m2 and the radiative heat transfer coefficient in W/m2K.11.31 A large slab of steel 0.1 m thick contains a 0.1 -m-di- ameter circular hole whose axis is normal to the surface. Considering the sides of the hole to be black, specify the rate of radiative heat loss from the hole. The plate is at 811 K, and the surroundings are at 300 K.1.26 Repeat Problem 1.25 but assume that the surface of the storage vessel has an absorbance (equal to the emittance) of 0.1. Then determine the rate of evaporation of the liquid oxygen in kilograms per second and pounds per hour, assuming that convection can be neglected. The heat of vaporization of oxygen at –183°C is .
- A tungsten filament is heated to 2700 K. At what wavelength is the maximum amount of radiation emitted? What fraction of the total energy is in the visible range (0.4to0.75m)? Assume that the filament radiates as a graybody.11.68 Two infinitely large, black, plane surfaces are 0.3 m apart, and the space between them is filled by an isothermal gas mixture at 811 K and atmospheric pressure. The gas mixture consists of by volume. If one of the surfaces is maintained at 278 K and the other at 1390 K, calculate (a) the effective emissivity of the gas at its temperature, (b) the effective absorptivity of the gas to radiation from the 1390 K surface, (c) the effective absorptivity of the gas to radiation from the 278 K surface, and (d) the net rate of heat transfer to the gas per square meter of surface area.Determine the total average hemispherical emissivity and the emissive power of a surface that has a spectral hemispherical emissivity of 0.8 at wavelengths less than 1.5m, 0.6 at wavelengths from 1.5to2.5m, and 0.4 at wavelengths longer than 2.5m. The surface temperature is 1111 K.
- A typical car's exterior consists of a thin layer of silica (SiO2) over an opaque painted metal panel. Silica is transparent in the visible wavelengths but offers high reflectance in the near- to mid- infrared wavelengths. The plot on the next page depicts the diffuse spectral reflectivity (pa) of the car's surface: Spectral reflectivity, P₂ 0.8 0.6 0.4 ལ 0.2 0 0.1 1 1 10 Wavelength, λ(μm) 100 If the car's exterior temperature is T₁ = 77°C, determine both the total absorptivity (a) and the total emissivity (a) of the silica-covered panel. Assume that the Sun's temperature is Tsun = 5800 K.1.24 Asphalt pavements on hot summer days exhibit surface tempera- tures of approximately 50 °C. Consider such a surface to cmit as a blackbody and calculate the emitted radiant energy per unit surface area. Ans 617 W/mThe wavelength at which the Sun emits its most intense light is about 550nm. Assuming the Sun radiates as a perfect blackbody, estimate (σ = 5.6696 x 10-8 W/m2 K4). Find its total emitted power.
- Taking the sun as a black body with a radius of 6.92 x 108 m having a maximum intensity of emission at a wavelength of 0.5 μm, estimate the sun's surface temperature and emissive power. If the distance between the earth and the sun is 1.5 x 10¹¹ m, estimate the solar energy radiation flux at the earth's surface. a. 1.36W/m2 O b. 1.36KW/m² O c. 63.99W/m² O d. 63.99 KW/m²The exposure rate to the fingers of a technologist holding a generator elution vial is 5.3 R/hr (assume an average distance of 2.0 cm from the fingers to the vial). What is the exposure rate to the fingers if the vial is held in 22-cm tongs? If the vial is held in the tongs for 3 minutes, what is the total radiation exposure to the technologist's hand in Roentgens?