1. What is life? Why are viruses not considered alive by some people? What other things canyou think of that are not alive but might be almost alive?2. What is the last universal common ancestor (LUCA), and what does that mean? What is aphylogenetic event horizon?3. Why does there appear to have been only one origin of life on earth? Why are there notmultiple origins? Why is life not originating still?4. What is the origin (or origins) f viruses? Is there evidence that viruses have multiple origins?5. What were conditions like on Earth when life first began? Be thorough here. What was theprebiotic soup like? How might these conditions have varied across the planet? Do we expectthat these conditions might be replicated on other planets?6. What do meteorites tell us about potential life on other planets and whether life on Earthwas influenced by these meteorites?7. How might mineral clay surfaces have influenced the origin of life?8. Why do we think that LUCA was RNA-based rather than DNA?9. What is the potential importance of horizontal gene transfer in the evolution of early life?10. What functions are most critical for cells? What do minimal gene sets tell us about earlylife? Describe efforts to determine minimal gene sets and cell functions. How do they compareamong species?1

Answered: 1. What is life? Why are viruses not…

1. What is life? Why are viruses not considered alive by some people? What other things can you think of that are not alive but might be almost alive?

Biology Today and Tomorrow without Physiology (MindTap Course List)

5th Edition

ISBN:9781305117396

Author:Cecie Starr, Christine Evers, Lisa Starr

Publisher:Cecie Starr, Christine Evers, Lisa Starr

Chapter10: Biotechnology

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 2CT

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Concept explainers

Virus

Viruses are infectious microscopic agents that can only reproduce in live cells of animals, plants, or microbes and are smaller than bacteria. Vertebrates, invertebrates, plants, protists, and fungi are among their many hosts. Viruses are unable to multiply on their own due to the lack of necessary cellular machinery, but they can guide the cell machinery of a host to make additional viruses by infection. The virus enters and attaches to a particular host cell, injects its genetic material, and reproduces by using the host’s genetic material. Viruses cause infection by taking entry into the host cell and using the host cell’s enzymes and raw materials to multiply.

Question

1. What is life? Why are viruses not considered alive by some people? What other things can
you think of that are not alive but might be almost alive?
2. What is the last universal common ancestor (LUCA), and what does that mean? What is a
phylogenetic event horizon?
3. Why does there appear to have been only one origin of life on earth? Why are there not
multiple origins? Why is life not originating still?
4. What is the origin (or origins) f viruses? Is there evidence that viruses have multiple origins?
5. What were conditions like on Earth when life first began? Be thorough here. What was the
prebiotic soup like? How might these conditions have varied across the planet? Do we expect
that these conditions might be replicated on other planets?
6. What do meteorites tell us about potential life on other planets and whether life on Earth
was influenced by these meteorites?
7. How might mineral clay surfaces have influenced the origin of life?
8. Why do we think that LUCA was RNA-based rather than DNA?
9. What is the potential importance of horizontal gene transfer in the evolution of early life?
10. What functions are most critical for cells? What do minimal gene sets tell us about early
life? Describe efforts to determine minimal gene sets and cell functions. How do they compare
among species?
1

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