consider a CPU that implements two parallel fetch-execute pipelines for superscalar processing. Show the performance improvement over scalar pipeline processing and no-pipeline processing, assuming an instruction cycle similar to figure 4.1 in the Section I B of "Advanced Systems Concepts", i.e.:  a one clock cycle fetch  a two clock cycle decode  a three clock cycle execute and a 200 instruction sequence: Show your work. 7. o pipelining would require _____ clock cycles: 8. A scalar pipeline would require _____ clock cycles: How high is the increase in speed (percentage) compared to no pipelining? 9. A superscalar pipeline with two parallel units would require ______ clock cycles: How high is the increase in speed (percentage) compared to no pipelining?

consider a CPU that implements two parallel fetch-execute pipelines for superscalar processing. Show the performance improvement over scalar pipeline processing and no-pipeline processing, assuming an instruction cycle similar to figure 4.1 in the Section I B of "Advanced Systems Concepts", i.e.:  a one clock cycle fetch  a two clock cycle decode  a three clock cycle execute and a 200 instruction sequence: Show your work. 7. o pipelining would require ___ clock cycles: 8. A scalar pipeline would require _ clock cycles: How high is the increase in speed (percentage) compared to no pipelining? 9. A superscalar pipeline with two parallel units would require ____ clock cycles: How high is the increase in speed (percentage) compared to no pipelining?

Systems Architecture

7th Edition

ISBN:9781305080195

Author:Stephen D. Burd

Publisher:Stephen D. Burd

Chapter4: Processor Technology And Architecture

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 3PE: Processor R is a 64-bit RISC processor with a 2 GHz clock rate. The average instruction requires one...

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Processor R is a 64-bit RISC processor with a 2 GHz clock rate. The average instruction requires one cycle to complete, assuming zero wait state memory accesses. Processor C is a CISC processor with a 1.8 GHz clock rate. The average simple instruction requires one cycle to complete, assuming zero wait state memory accesses. The average complex instruction requires two cycles to complete, assuming zero wait state memory accesses. Processor R can’t directly implement the complex processing instructions of Processor C. Executing an equivalent set of simple instructions requires an average of three cycles to complete, assuming zero wait state memory accesses. Program S contains nothing but simple instructions. Program C executes 70% simple instructions and 30% complex instructions. Which processor will execute program S more quickly? Which processor will execute program C more quickly? At what percentage of complex instructions will the performance of the two processors be equal?
_____ is a CPU design technique in which instruction execution is divided into multiple stages and different instructions can execute in different stages simultaneously.
A. The following measurements have been made using an architecture simulator for a processor design that is projected to have a clock rate of 1 GHz. What is the design's CPI? Instruction Frequency of CPI Class Occurrence R-type Load Branch 1 37% 25% 4 18% Store 20% В. vHow does this compare to using branch prediction to shave 1 cycle off the branch latency, but also increasing the number of cycles a store operation takes by 2 cycles?
4 Consider a microprocessor that has a block I/O transfer instruction such as that found on the Z8000. Following its first execution, such an instruction takes five clock cycles to re-execute. However, if we employ a nonblocking I/O instruction, it takes a total of 20 clock cycles for fetching and execution. Calculate the increase in speed with the block I/O instruction when transferring blocks of 128 bytes. 5 A system is based on an 8-bit microprocessor and has two I/O devices. The I/O con- trollers for this system use separate control and status registers. Both devices handle data on a 1-byte-at-a-time basis. The first device has two status lines and three control lines. The second device has three status lines and four control lines. a. How many 8-bit I/O control module registers do we need for status reading and control of each device? b. What is the total number of needed control module registers given that the first device is an output-only device?
2. An implementation of the above RISC-V microprocessor has been designed where the supported instructions are classified as follows with regard to the number of cycles required to execute: Arithmetic & Logic: 4 cycles Memory Access: 5 cycles 3 cycles Branching: System Calls: 1 cycle What is the average CPI for this microprocessor? (includes lui, add, addi, or, ori, sub, and, (includes all loads and stores) (includes blt, beq, bne) (includes ecall) andi)
Consider a CPU that implements a single instruction fetch–decode–execute–write- back pipeline for scalar processing. The execution unit of this pipeline assumes that the execution stage requires one step. Describe, and show in diagram form, what happens when an instruction that requires one execution step follows one that requires four execution steps.
H.W.: Consider a hypothetical machine with two steps instruction cycle: fetch cycle and execute cycle. The characteristics of the machine is given in Figure 8 with the following explanation: The processor contains a single data register, called an accumulator (AC). • Both instructions and data are 8 bits long. • The memory is organized using 8-bit words. • The instruction format provides 2 bits for the opcode, and up to 26 = 64 words of memory can be directly addressed. Opcode Address (a) Instruction format Magnitude (b) Integer format Program counter (PC)= Address of instruction Instruction register (IR)- Instruction being executed Accumulator (AC) Temporary storage (c) Internal CPU registers -Load AC from memory Store AC to memory - Add to AC from memory (d) Partial list of opcodes Figure 8 Characteristics of a Hypothetical Machine Figure 9 illustrates a partial program execution, showing the relevant portions of memory and processor registers after the first instruction, 64H has…
The CPU design team is designing an instruction set with three classes of instructions. Parameters are given in the following table. Consider a program with 65% ALU instructions, 25% memory access instructions, and 10% control instructions. What is the average CPI for this CPU? Clock Rate 4GHz CPI for ALU Inst. 6 CPI for Memory Inst. 8 CPI for Control Inst. 2
Consider a hypothetical microprocessor generating a 16-bit address (for example, as- sume that the program counter and the address registers are 16 bits wide) and having a 16-bit data bus. a. What is the maximum memory address space that the processor can access directly if it is connected to a "16-bit memory"? b. What is the maximum memory address space that the processor can access directly if it is connected to an "8-bit memory"? c. What architectural features will allow this microprocessor to access a separate "I/O space"?
Assume a program requires the execution of 50 × 106 FP instructions, 110 × 106 INT instructions, 80 × 106 L/S instructions, and 16 × 106 branch instructions. The CPI for each type of instruction is 1, 1, 4, and 2, respectively. Assume that the processor has a 2 GHz clock rate. By how much must we improve the CPI of FP instructions if we want the program to run two times faster? By how much must we improve the CPI of L/S instructions if we want the program to run two times faster? By how much is the execution time of the program improved if the CPI of INT and FP instructions is reduced by 40% and the CPI of L/S and branch is reduced by 30%? (FP: Floating Point, INT: Integer, L/S: Load Store)
A complete 6-stage non-pipelined 16-bit CPU architecture include 6 components: a register file, a decoder, an ALU, a control unit, a program counter, and ram/memory. Brief overview: opcode is 4 bits 14 different instructions implemented 8 general purpose registers RRR-type instructions are the largest, and take up 9 bits in register addresses 1 bit is a condition bit 2 bits unused simulated clock runs at a 10ns period or 100Mhz simulated memory is 512 bytes Referring to the 3 components as in the picture, namely the File Register, Decoder and ALU, you are required to describe how the three components operate.
Read the given scenario and answer questions based on 8086 microprocessor architecture. A programmer has written Assembly Language Program (ALP) using 8086 instruction set. The program will read any 200 user given inputs and process them to generate 200 outputs using stack. Each input and output is a byte length data. The input values are read from memory location D217H onward and the output values are stored from memory location E106H onward. The program uses a stack and the stack is defined from the memory location 54DAH and it can store 500 values. The program has 450 instructions stored from the memory location 6E20H to 713DH. The last instruction is HLT which is a byte long instruction. Identify the segments of the given memory locations Memory Location 6EEEH Code Segment Memory Location D2D0, Data Segment Memory Location 55A2H Stack Segment What will be the value of the Instruction Pointer (IP) when the program is about to execute the 449th instruction which is of a two address…