Concept explainers
Processor R is a 64-bit RISC processor with a 2 GHz clock rate. The average instruction requires one cycle to complete, assuming zero wait state memory accesses. Processor C is a CISC processor with a 1.8 GHz clock rate. The average simple instruction requires one cycle to complete, assuming zero wait state memory accesses. The average complex instruction requires two cycles to complete, assuming zero wait state memory accesses. Processor R can’t directly implement the complex processing instructions of Processor C. Executing an equivalent set of simple instructions requires an average of three cycles to complete, assuming zero wait state memory accesses.
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Systems Architecture
- If a microprocessor has a cycle time of 0.5 nanoseconds, what’s the processor clock rate? If the fetch cycle is 40% of the processor cycle time, what memory access speed is required to implement load operations with zero wait states and load operations with two wait states?arrow_forwardHow does pipelining improve CPU efficiency? What’s the potential effect on pipelining’s efficiency when executing a conditional BRANCH instruction? What techniques can be used to make pipelining more efficient when executing conditional BRANCH instructions?arrow_forward_____ is a CPU design technique in which instruction execution is divided into multiple stages and different instructions can execute in different stages simultaneously.arrow_forward
- A processor has 32 integer registers (RO, R1, ... , R31) and 128 floating point registers (F0, F1, ... , F127). It uses a 4-byte instruction format. There are four categories of instructions: Type-1, Type-2, Type-3, and Type 4. Type-1 category consists of four instructions, each with 3 integer register operands (3Rs). Type-2 category consists of ten instructions, each with 2 floating point register operands (2Fs). Type-3 category consists of twenty instructions, each with one integer register operand and one floating point register operand (1R+1F). Type-4 category consists of N instructions, each with a floating point register operand (1F). What is the maximum value of N?arrow_forwardA complete 6-stage non-pipelined 16-bit CPU architecture include 6 components: a register file, a decoder, an ALU, a control unit, a program counter, and ram/memory. Brief overview: opcode is 4 bits 14 different instructions implemented 8 general purpose registers RRR-type instructions are the largest, and take up 9 bits in register addresses 1 bit is a condition bit 2 bits unused simulated clock runs at a 10ns period or 100Mhz simulated memory is 512 bytes Referring to the 3 components as in the picture, namely the File Register, Decoder and ALU, you are required to describe how the three components operate.arrow_forward10. The register content for an Intel 8086 microprocessor is as follows:CS = 5000H, DS = 6000H, SS = 7000H, SI = 8000H, DI = 9000HBX = 4A1FH, BP = 3000H, AX = 3597H, CX = 19DAH, DX = 8B73HCalculate the physical address of the memory where the operand is stored and thecontents of the memory locations in each of the addresses shown below:a) MOV [BP + 58], AXb) MOV [SI][BX]+2FH, DXc) MOV [DI][SI]+49AH, DXarrow_forward
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- Systems ArchitectureComputer ScienceISBN:9781305080195Author:Stephen D. BurdPublisher:Cengage Learning