CPA Corp. manufactures variety of products. In the past, CPA Corp. has been using traditional costing system in which the predetermined overhead rate was 150% of direct labor. Selling prices had been set by multiplying total product cost by 200%. Sensing that this system was distorting costs and selling prices, CPA Corp. has decided to switch to an activity-based costing system for manufacturing overhead cost using three activity cost pools. Selling prices are still to be set at 200% of unit product cost under the new system. Information on these cost pools for the next year are as follows: | Activity Cost Pool Estimated Estimated Overhead Cost Activity Number of setups Number of Machine set-up 400 P150,000 Quality Control 1,500 180,000 Other Overhead inspections Machine hours 30,000 480,000 Information (on a per units' basis) related to three popular products at CPA corp. are as follows:
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- Larsen, Inc., produces two types of electronic parts and has provided the following data: There are four activities: machining, setting up, testing, and purchasing. Required: 1. Calculate the activity consumption ratios for each product. 2. Calculate the consumption ratios for the plantwide rate (direct labor hours). When compared with the activity ratios, what can you say about the relative accuracy of a plantwide rate? Which product is undercosted? 3. What if the machine hours were used for the plantwide rate? Would this remove the cost distortion of a plantwide rate?Cicleta Manufacturing has four activities: receiving materials, assembly, expediting products, and storing goods. Receiving and assembly are necessary activities; expediting and storing goods are unnecessary. The following data pertain to the four activities for the year ending 20x1 (actual price per unit of the activity driver is assumed to be equal to the standard price): Required: 1. Prepare a cost report for the year ending 20x1 that shows value-added costs, non-value-added costs, and total costs for each activity. 2. Explain why expediting products and storing goods are non-value-added activities. 3. What if receiving cost is a step-fixed cost with each step being 1,500 orders whereas assembly cost is a variable cost? What is the implication for reducing the cost of waste for each activity?Good Scent, Inc., produces two colognes: Rose and Violet. Of the two, Rose is more popular. Data concerning the two products follow: The company uses a conventional costing system and assigns overhead costs to products using direct labor hours. Annual overhead costs follow. They are classified as fixed or variable with respect to direct labor hours. Required: 1. Using the conventional approach, compute the number of cases of Rose and the number of cases of Violet that must be sold for the company to break even. 2. Using an activity-based approach, compute the number of cases of each product that must be sold for the company to break even.
- Evans, Inc., has a unit-based costing system. Evanss Miami plant produces 10 different electronic products. The demand for each product is about the same. Although they differ in complexity, each product uses about the same labor time and materials. The plant has used direct labor hours for years to assign overhead to products. To help design engineers understand the assumed cost relationships, the Cost Accounting Department developed the following cost equation. (The equation describes the relationship between total manufacturing costs and direct labor hours; the equation is supported by a coefficient of determination of 60 percent.) Y=5,000,000+30X,whereX=directlaborhours The variable rate of 30 is broken down as follows: Because of competitive pressures, product engineering was given the charge to redesign products to reduce the total cost of manufacturing. Using the above cost relationships, product engineering adopted the strategy of redesigning to reduce direct labor content. As each design was completed, an engineering change order was cut, triggering a series of events such as design approval, vendor selection, bill of materials update, redrawing of schematic, test runs, changes in setup procedures, development of new inspection procedures, and so on. After one year of design changes, the normal volume of direct labor was reduced from 250,000 hours to 200,000 hours, with the same number of products being produced. Although each product differs in its labor content, the redesign efforts reduced the labor content for all products. On average, the labor content per unit of product dropped from 1.25 hours per unit to one hour per unit. Fixed overhead, however, increased from 5,000,000 to 6,600,000 per year. Suppose that a consultant was hired to explain the increase in fixed overhead costs. The consultants study revealed that the 30 per hour rate captured the unit-level variable costs; however, the cost behavior of other activities was quite different. For example, setting up equipment is a step-fixed cost, where each step is 2,000 setup hours, costing 90,000. The study also revealed that the cost of receiving goods is a function of the number of different components. This activity has a variable cost of 2,000 per component type and a fixed cost that follows a step-cost pattern. The step is defined by 20 components with a cost of 50,000 per step. Assume also that the consultant indicated that the design adopted by the engineers increased the demand for setups from 20,000 setup hours to 40,000 setup hours and the number of different components from 100 to 250. The demand for other non-unit-level activities remained unchanged. The consultant also recommended that management take a look at a rejected design for its products. This rejected design increased direct labor content from 250,000 hours to 260,000 hours, decreased the demand for setups from 20,000 hours to 10,000 hours, and decreased the demand for purchasing from 100 component types to 75 component types, while the demand for all other activities remained unchanged. Required: 1. Using normal volume, compute the manufacturing cost per labor hour before the year of design changes. What is the cost per unit of an average product? 2. Using normal volume after the one year of design changes, compute the manufacturing cost per hour. What is the cost per unit of an average product? 3. Before considering the consultants study, what do you think is the most likely explanation for the failure of the design changes to reduce manufacturing costs? Now use the information from the consultants study to explain the increase in the average cost per unit of product. What changes would you suggest to improve Evanss efforts to reduce costs? 4. Explain why the consultant recommended a second look at a rejected design. Provide computational support. What does this tell you about the strategic importance of cost management?Geneva, Inc., makes two products, X and Y, that require allocation of indirect manufacturing costs. The following data were compiled by the accountants before making any allocations: The total cost of purchasing and receiving parts used in manufacturing is 60,000. The company uses a job-costing system with a single indirect cost rate. Under this system, allocated costs were 48,000 and 12,000 for X and Y, respectively. If an activity-based system is used, what would be the allocated costs for each product?Southward Company has implemented a JIT flexible manufacturing system. John Richins, controller of the company, has decided to reduce the accounting requirements given the expectation of lower inventories. For one thing, he has decided to treat direct labor cost as a part of overhead and to discontinue the detailed direct labor accounting of the past. The company has created two manufacturing cells, each capable of producing a family of products: the radiator cell and the water pump cell. The output of both cells is sold to a sister division and to customers who use the radiators and water pumps for repair activity. Product-level overhead costs outside the cells are assigned to each cell using appropriate drivers. Facility-level costs are allocated to each cell on the basis of square footage. The budgeted direct labor and overhead costs are as follows: The predetermined conversion cost rate is based on available production hours in each cell. The radiator cell has 45,000 hours available for production, and the water pump cell has 27,000 hours. Conversion costs are applied to the units produced by multiplying the conversion rate by the actual time required to produce the units. The radiator cell produced 81,000 units, taking 0.5 hour to produce one unit of product (on average). The water pump cell produced 90,000 units, taking 0.25 hour to produce one unit of product (on average). Other actual results for the year are as follows: All units produced were sold. Any conversion cost variance is closed to Cost of Goods Sold. Required: 1. Calculate the predetermined conversion cost rates for each cell. 2. Prepare journal entries using backflush accounting. Assume two trigger points, with completion of goods as the second trigger point. 3. Repeat Requirement 2, assuming that the second trigger point is the sale of the goods. 4. Explain why there is no need to have a work-in-process inventory account. 5. Two variants of backflush costing were presented in which each used two trigger points, with the second trigger point differing. Suppose that the only trigger point for recognizing manufacturing costs occurs when the goods are sold. How would the entries be listed here? When would this backflush variant be considered appropriate?
- Young Company is beginning operations and is considering three alternatives to allocate manufacturing overhead to individual units produced. Young can use a plantwide rate, departmental rates, or activity-based costing. Young will produce many types of products in its single plant, and not all products will be processed through all departments. In which one of the following independent situations would reported net income for the first year be the same regardless of which overhead allocation method had been selected? a. All production costs approach those costs that were budgeted. b. The sales mix does not vary from the mix that was budgeted. c. All manufacturing overhead is a fixed cost. d. All ending inventory balances are zero.Medical Tape makes two products: Generic and Label. It estimates it will produce 423,694 units of Generic and 652,200 of Label, and the overhead for each of its cost pools is as follows: It has also estimated the activities for each cost driver as follows: How much is the overhead allocated to each unit of Generic and Label?Ergaster Corporation manufactures a variety of products. In the past, Ergaster has been using a traditional costing system in which the predetermined overhead rate was 150% of direct labor cost. Selling prices had been set by multiplying total product cost by 200%. Sensing that this system was distorting costs and selling prices, Ergaster has decided to switch to an activity based costing system for manufacturing overhead costs using three activity cost pools. Selling prices are still to be set at 200% of unit product cost under the new system. Information on these cost pools for next year is as follows: (see image). Under the activity-based costing system, what would be the selling price of one unit of Model #36?
- SANGWOO CO. manufactures variety of products. In the past, SANGWOO Co. has been using traditional costing system in which the predetermined overhead rate was 150% of direct labor. Selling prices had been set my multiplying total product cost by 200%. Sensing that this system was distorting costs and selling prices, SANGWOO CO. has decided to switch to an activity-based costing system for manufacturing overhead cost using three activity cost pools. Selling prices are still to be set at 200% of unit product cost under the new system. Information on these cost pools for the next year are as follows: Activity Cost Pool Machine Set-up Quality Control Other Overhead Estimated Activity 400 Number of setups 1,500 Number of inspections 30,000 Machine hours Estimated Overhead Cost P150,000 180,000 480,000 Information (on a per units' basis) related to three popular products at SANGWOO CO. are as follows: Product A Product B Product C Direct materials cost 400 540 310 Direct labor cost 810 600…SANGWOO CO. manufactures variety of products. In the past, SANGWOO Co. has been using traditional costing system in which the predetermined overhead rate was 150% of direct labor. Selling prices had been set my multiplying total product cost by 200%. Sensing that this system was distorting costs and selling prices, SANGWOO CO, has decided to switch to an activity-based costing system for manufacturing overhead cost using three activity cost pools. Selling prices are still to be set at 200% of unit product cost under the new system. Information on these cost pools for the next year are as follows: Activity Cost Pool Estimated Activity Estimated Overhead Cost Machine Set-up 400 Number of setups P150,000 Quality Control 1,500 Number of inspections 180,000 Other Overhead 30,000 Machine hours 480,000 Information (on a per units' basis) related to three popular products at SANGWOO CO. are as follows: Product A Product B Product C…In comparing the traditional system with the activity-based costing system, which of Ergaster’s models had higher unit product costs under the traditional system? Based on this problem:Ergaster Corporation manufactures a variety of products. In the past, Ergaster has been using a traditional costing system in which the predetermined overhead rate was 150% of direct labor cost. Selling prices had been set by multiplying total product cost by 200%. Sensing that this system was distorting costs and selling prices, Ergaster has decided to switch to an activity based costing system for manufacturing overhead costs using three activity cost pools. Selling prices are still to be set at 200% of unit product cost under the new system. Information on these cost pools for next year is as follows: (see image) 11. Under the activity-based costing system, what would be the selling price of one unit of Model #36?