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Define the SES and health gradient. b) Give three ways in which the SES and health gradient is robust. c) Provide evidence that some of the gradient is correlational (i.e., give a potential confounder) and evidence that the gradient is in fact causal

Define the SES and health gradient. b) Give three ways in which the SES and health gradient is robust. c) Provide evidence that some of the gradient is correlational (i.e., give a potential confounder) and evidence that the gradient is in fact causal

EBK HEALTH ECONOMICS AND POLICY
EBK HEALTH ECONOMICS AND POLICY
7th Edition
ISBN:9781337668279
Author:Henderson
Publisher:Henderson
Chapter4: Economic Evaluation In Health Care
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 2QAP
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 One of the most robust, fundamental “facts” of health economics is the SES and health gradient.

a) Define the SES and health gradient.
b) Give three ways in which the SES and health gradient is robust.
c) Provide evidence that some of the gradient is correlational (i.e., give a potential confounder) and evidence that the gradient is in fact causal.
d) i. Give an interpretation of Figure 1 below in layperson terms.
ii. What pattern do you see for men vs women?
iii. “The education and mortality gradient does not depend on healthcare spending or whether the country has universal healthcare.” Use Figure 1 to support or refute this claim.

Figure 1: Education and Mortality among Adults over 40, U.S. and Europe Austria Belgium Britain Finland Norway Switzerland United States 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 Hazard Ratio Men Women 1.3 1.4 1.5 Notes: The bars represent the increase in annual mortality risk associated with having less than upper-secondary education (compared with at least upper-secondary education). All hazard ratios are adjusted for age. The Swiss sample is representative of only German-speaking regions of Switzerland, the British sample includes only England and Wales. The estimates for European countries are drawn from Huisman et al. (2005), while those for the U.S. are from Cox proportional hazards regressions using the 1990 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) with mortality follow-up until 2002. Section II provides further details on the NHIS sample.
Transcribed Image Text:Figure 1: Education and Mortality among Adults over 40, U.S. and Europe Austria Belgium Britain Finland Norway Switzerland United States 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 Hazard Ratio Men Women 1.3 1.4 1.5 Notes: The bars represent the increase in annual mortality risk associated with having less than upper-secondary education (compared with at least upper-secondary education). All hazard ratios are adjusted for age. The Swiss sample is representative of only German-speaking regions of Switzerland, the British sample includes only England and Wales. The estimates for European countries are drawn from Huisman et al. (2005), while those for the U.S. are from Cox proportional hazards regressions using the 1990 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) with mortality follow-up until 2002. Section II provides further details on the NHIS sample.
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can you please solve the D part. 

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