What type of regulation would be expected when anaerobic metabolism is occurring in the muscle? Select all that apply. 1. Activation of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 2. Increased levels of calcium to activate pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase 3. Phosphorylation of pyruvate dehydrogenase 4. Inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex 5. Increased levels of NADH to activate citrate synthase 6. Increased levels of NADH to inhibit alpha-ketogluterate dehydrogenase complex 7. Increased levels of acetyl CoA to activate pyruvate carboxylase for gluconeogenesis
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What type of regulation would be expected when anaerobic
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- Study Figure 19.18 and decide which of the following statements is false. Pyruvate dehydrogenase is inhibited by· NIADH. Pyruvate dehydrogenase is inhibited by AΤΡ. Citrate synthase is inhibited by NADH. Succinyl-CoA activates citrate synthase. Acetyl-CoA activates pyruvate carboxylase.Why would LDH be up- or down-regulated depending on location of cancer cells? Anaerobic cancer cells enhance rates of ATP production and rely on pyruvate to lactate conversion. LDH5 expressed can vary in favoring pyruvate for conversion to lactate (anaerobic metabolism). Aerobic compartments in newly formed fibrobasts and vessels use lactate to convert to pyruvate for oxidative phosphorylation and favor lactate conversion to pyruvate by LDH1 (aerobic metabolism). Lactate dehydrogenase is upregulated in both cancer cells and supporting stroma and vessels, thus only LDH5 is upregulated showing enhanced expression levels and thus presence at the plasma membrane to increase levels of lactate for export, LDH1 levels are always consistent. LDH1 is upregulated in response to the export of lactate by MCT1, while LDH5 is down-regulated Neither LDH1 or LDH5 are both consistently expressed, regardless of oxygen levelsLactate dehydrogenase (LDH) plays an essential role in an exercising muscle, especially when the level of excursion surpasses the ability of circulatory systems ability to supply adequate oxygen. What is the main reason LDH is so important to the muscle under these conditions? It produces one mole of ATP via substrate level phosphorylation. It resupplies NAD+ to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase. It decreases pH thus decreasing the dissociation rate of oxygen from hemoglobin It produces NADH for energy while converting pyruvate into lactate. It removes excess lactic acid from the muscle to create pyruvate. Next
- All the enzymes listed below catalyze a reaction in the skeletal muscle. For an Olympic sprinter, which ones would be considered relevant during the running of a 100m sprint (select all that apply)? O glycogen phosphorylase O pyruvate kinase glycogen synthase O lactate dehydrogenase O adenylate kinase O pyruvate dehydrogenase O creatine kinaseWhich of the following conditions is most likely to force a muscle cell to metabolize glucose anaerobically(fermentation) under normal oxygenation ? - Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency - Lactate dehydrogenase deficiency -Pyruvate kinase deficiency -Aldolase deficiency - Cytososic Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiencyWhich of the following is the correct summary of the anaerobic breakdown of glucose in the skeletal muscle? Glucose + ADP + Pi ⟶ lactate + ATP Glucose + 2ADP + 2Pi ⟶ 2 lactate + 2ATP Glucose + 2ADP + 2Pi + 2NAD+ ⟶ 2 pyruvate + 2ATP + 2NADH + 2H+ Glucose + ADP + Pi ⟶ pyruvate + ATP Glucose + 2ADP + 2Pi ⟶ 2 pyruvate + 2ATP
- Select the correct answer: Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) plays an essential role in an exercising muscle, especially when the level of excursion surpasses the ability of circulatory systems ability to supply adequate oxygen. What is the main reason LDH is so important to the muscle under these conditions? A)It removes excess lactic acid from the muscle to create pyruvate. B)It produces NADH for energy while converting pyruvate into lactate. C)It resupplies NAD+ to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase. D)It decreases pH thus decreasing the dissociation rate of oxygen from hemoglobin. E)It produces one mole of ATP via substrate level phosphorylation.Given the following question on the image identify the following:1. Total number of glucose molecules entering glycolysis2. Total number of pyruvate molecules produces at the end of glycolysis3. Total number of mitochondrial NADH produced after pyruvate is acted upon pyruvate dehydrogenase complex4.Total number of CO2 released right after the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex reactionConsider that the shuttle system is maltase-aspartate shuttleWhich of the following tumor-promoting (oncogenic) proteins promotes increased uptake of glutamine? Group of answer choices Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase Myc GLUT1 HIF-1 Which of the following has the greatest capacity for ATP production by aerobic respiration? fast twitch muscle slow twitch muscle white fat brown fat Which of the following is an inhibitor of Complex I? Azide UCP1 Catalase Rotenone Which of the following facilitates electron transfer from a 2 electron carrier to a 1 electron carrier? Complex II Complex I Complex III Complex IV
- Part A Complete the sentences to explain how pyruvate kinase regulates the rate of glycolysis. Match the words in the left column to the appropriate blanks in the sentences on the right. 2-phosphoglycerate ATP or acetyl CoA glucose ATP or NADH ADP ATP NADH ADP or acetyl CoA pyruvate Reset Help Pyruvate kinase is the last enzyme in the glycolysis pathway. When it is inhibited by either high levels of phosphoenolpyruvate is not converted to therefore, the last two are not produced. molecules ofGlycogen that is broken down in the muscle is not released as glucose into the circulation because the muscle lacks... Group of answer choices glucose-6-phosphatase phosphoryalse glycogen synthase hexokinaseCHOOSE THE CORRECT LETTER When glycogen is synthesized in both the liver and muscle, all the following are true, EXCEPT A.Glucose is transferred from UDP-glucose to a growing glycogen molecule by glycogen synthase.B. Phosphoglucomutase converts glucose 6-phosphate to glucose 1-phosphateC. Glucose 6-phosphate is converted to glucose by a phosphatase.D.Glucose 1-phosphate is activated by UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase to produce UDP-glucose and PPi.