Which of the following statements about type 1 diabetes pathophysiology are true? Select all that apply A) The immune system begins to attack pancreatic B-cells in response to elevated blood sugar B) The activated immune system destroys pancreatic ß cells C) Thelper cells are activated resulting in production of autoantibodies from self-reactive plasma cells D) The body does not produce self-reactive cytotoxic T cells
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- Which of the following describes a feature of the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes? Question 15 options: a) It is usually an autoimmune disease b) The pancreas makes little or no insulin c) Diabetic ketoacidosis is a common complication d) The liver increases production of glucoseA client with T2DM is admitted to the medical unit with pneumonia. The client’s oral antidiabetic medication has been discontinued and the patient is now receiving insulin for glucose control. Which of the following statements best explains the rationale for this change in medication? Question 73 options: a) Insulin administration will help prevent hypoglycemia during the illness b) Acute illnesses like pneumonia will cause increased insulin resistance c) Infection has compromised beta cell function so the client will need insulin from now on d) Stress-related conditions such as infections induce a hypermetabolic stateAdvantage of using an insulin pump that have been reported include:a) Allows for finer adjustment of insulin dosagesb) Convenience without multiple daily injectionsc) Monitors “on board” or “active” insulind) Calculates insulin dosagee) All of the above
- A client with a new diagnosis of type 1 diabetes mellitus is asking about potential complications. Which of the following is the MOST likely long-term complication? a) Acute kidney injury b) Gastrointestinal bleeding c) Diabetic neuropathy d) Deep vein thrombosisPancreatic beta cell dysfunction in type 2 diabetes is probably related in part to: a) Decreased advanced glycation end products b) Autoimmune destruction of the beta cells resulting in no insulin secretion c) Decreased beta cell mass d) Increased glucose-stimulated insulin secretionWhat is the most common cause of mortality in those with diabetes mellitus? Question 76 options: a) Renal failure b) Myocardial infarct and stroke c) Gangrene and sepsis d) Autonomic and somatic neuropathy
- Fatima is a 43 year old lady with a diagnosis bipolar affective disorder and usually manages her Type 1 diabetes with minimal support. She is currently hypomanic and reports that she has not slept for more than 3 hours in the last 5 days. A) Explain your understanding of Type 1 and 2 diabetes. B) Why might Fatima's current hypomanic presentation present additional risks to her physical health? C) What interventions would you suggest in this situation? Please justify your answer.A nurse is educating a patient with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus about self-management of their condition. Which of the following pieces of advice is most critical for the nurse to convey to the patient to prevent acute complications?A) Inspect your feet daily for any cuts, blisters, or sores.B) Maintain a regular exercise routine, aiming for at least 150 minutes of moderate aerobic activity per week.C) Monitor your blood glucose levels at home using a glucometer.D) Make dietary changes to include a variety of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.Which dietary approach is recommended for managing Type 2 diabetes? a) Monitoring the glycemic index (GI) of foods b) Low carbohydrate intake c) High protein intake d) Consuming more saturated fats
- The pathophysiology of chronic diabetic complications is related to which process? Question 65 options: a) Oxidative stress and ROS have a limited role in the pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus b) Sorbitol and fructose are products of the polyol pathway that accumulate and reduce intracellular osmotic pressure causing cellular injury c) AGEs are formed by the irreversible binding of glucose to proteins, lipids and nucleic acids d) The hexosamine pathway causes pathologic changes in gene expression associated with increased insulin activity and improved cardiovascular healthWhich of the following is a correct cause of a diabetes mellitus symptom? 1) decreased installation of GLUT transporters causes glucosuria 2) saturation of aquaporins causes polyuria 3) saturation of GLUT transporters causes hyperglycemia 4) decreased glucose in cells causes ketoacidosisThe chronic complications associated with all types of diabetes result from which of the following? Question 40 options: a) Weight gain and hypertension b) Altered kidney function c) Damage to blood vessels and nerves d) Infections that deplete nutrient reserves