Many processes such as the fabrication of integrated circuits are carried out in a vacuum chamber to avoid reaction of the material with oxygen in the atmosphere. It is difficult to routinely lower the pressure in a vacuum chamber below
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solutionChapter 1 Solutions
Thermodynamics, Statistical Thermodynamics, & Kinetics
- One of the chemical controversies of the nineteenth century concerned the element beryllium (Be). Berzelius originally claimed that beryllium was a trivalent element (forming Be3+ ions) and that it gave an oxide with the formula Be2O3. This resulted in a calculated atomic mass of 13.5 for beryllium. In formulating his periodic table, Mendeleev proposed that beryllium was divalent (forming Be2+ ions) and that it gave an oxide with the formula Be2O3. This assumption gives an atomic mass of 9.0. In 1894, A. Combes (Comptes Rendus 1894, p. 1221) reacted beryllium with the anion C5H7O2and measured the density of the gaseous product. Combess data for two different experiments are as follows: I II Mass 0.2022 g 0.2224 g Volume 22.6 cm3 26.0 cm3 Temperature 13C 17C Pressure 765.2 mm Hg 764.6 mm If beryllium is a divalent metal, the molecular formula of the product will be Be(C5H7O2)2; if it is trivalent, the formula will be Be(C5H7O2)3. Show how Combess data help to confirm that beryllium is a divalent metal.arrow_forwardYou have two pressure-proof steel cylinders of equal volume, one containing 1.0 kg of CO and the other containing 1.0 kg of acetylene, C2H2. (a) In which cylinder is the pressure greater at 25 C? (b) Which cylinder contains the greater number of molecules?arrow_forwardIn the discussion on the composition of air, mention is made of the fact that water vapor may have a concentration as high as 40,000 ppm. Calculate the partial pressure exerted by water vapor at this concentration. Assume that this represents a situation with 100% humidity. What temperature would be needed to achieve this value? (See Appendix G.)arrow_forward
- How does hydraulic fracturing differ from previously used techniques for the recovery of natural gas from the earth?arrow_forward1.) Clouds of hydrogen molecules have been detected deep in an interstellar space. It is estimated that these clouds contain about 1 x 1010 hydrogen molecules per m3, and have a temperature of just 25 K. Using these data, find the approximate pressure in such a cloud. 2.) A vessel of volume 22.4 L contains 2.0 mol H2 and 1.0 mol N2 at 273.15 K initially. All the H2 reacted with sufficient N2 to form NH3. Calculate the partial pressures and the total pressure of the final mixture.arrow_forwardA 2.00 L reaction container at 25.0 °C contains CO2 (g) and O2 (g). The total pressure of the gases in the container was 656 torr and the mole fraction of CO2 is 0.245. 1)Calculate the total volume of the container if 15.0 g of helium gas was added to the initial mixture of CO2 and O2 gases at STP.arrow_forward
- Chemistry & Chemical ReactivityChemistryISBN:9781337399074Author:John C. Kotz, Paul M. Treichel, John Townsend, David TreichelPublisher:Cengage LearningChemistry & Chemical ReactivityChemistryISBN:9781133949640Author:John C. Kotz, Paul M. Treichel, John Townsend, David TreichelPublisher:Cengage LearningPrinciples of Modern ChemistryChemistryISBN:9781305079113Author:David W. Oxtoby, H. Pat Gillis, Laurie J. ButlerPublisher:Cengage Learning
- World of Chemistry, 3rd editionChemistryISBN:9781133109655Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan L. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCostePublisher:Brooks / Cole / Cengage LearningChemistry: Principles and ReactionsChemistryISBN:9781305079373Author:William L. Masterton, Cecile N. HurleyPublisher:Cengage LearningChemistry: The Molecular ScienceChemistryISBN:9781285199047Author:John W. Moore, Conrad L. StanitskiPublisher:Cengage Learning