Evolution
4th Edition
ISBN: 9781605356051
Author: Douglas Futuyma, Mark Kirkpatrick
Publisher: SINAUER
expand_more
expand_more
format_list_bulleted
Concept explainers
Question
Chapter 1, Problem 3PDT
Summary Introduction
To discuss: The causes for human immunodeficiency virus shifting to humans from other primates based on causation, survival, ontogeny, and evolution.
Introduction: Human immunodeficiency viruses have entered into humans from other primates. In other primates, they are called simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). The virus has entered into humans from chimpanzees when these chimpanzees were hunted by humans for their meat. During this hunting, the humans came in contact with infected chimpanzees and got infected. The virus has mutated itself from time to time and ensured its survival in the human body.
Expert Solution & Answer
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solutionStudents have asked these similar questions
Genetics is commonly seen as being grouped into several general areas: transmission, molecular, and population/evolution. Which biological processes are studied in transmission genetics?
The classical twin study is established as the definitive study design for investigating the relative importance of genetic and environmental factors to traits and diseases in human population.
Monozygotic (identical) twins share all of their genes, while Dizygotic(fraternal) twins share only about 50 percent of them, the same as non-twin siblings. If a researcher compares the similarity between sets of identical twins to that of fraternal twins for a particular trait, then any excess likeness between the identical twins should be due to genes rather than environment.
Write an information leaflet evaluating the benefits and dilemmas in the use of human twin studies to investigate the causes of variation.
Steven Frank and Laurence Hurst argued that a cytoplasmically inherited mutation in humans that has severe effects in males but no effect in females will not be eliminated from a population by natural selection because only females pass on mtDNA (S. A. Frank and L. D. Hurst. 1996. Nature 383:224). Using this argument, explain why males with Leber hereditary optic neuropathy are more severely affected than females.
Knowledge Booster
Learn more about
Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, biology and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- a) To begin your analysis, state your null hypothesis. b) Perform a chi-square analysis. Make sure to analyze your traits to be consistent with the information provided. Clearly present your results in a table as shown in the attachement called Testing Genetics Ratios (Hint: should the traits be tested in males and females?) c) State the correct # of degrees of freedom, calculate the chi-square value and show the approximate p value. d) Make a statement of how the p value relates to whether you decided to reject or not reject, your null hypothesis. e) Finally, make a concluding statement about your original genetic hypothesis(es) based on chi-square analysis. Fully typed, organized correctly, correct spelling, and grammar. Genetic hypothesis for each allele: Trait: Leg length Hypothesis: The wild-type and mutant alleles for leg length are incomplete dominant relative to each other. Trait: Wing shape Hypothesis: There are two alleles for wing type, one dominant and one…arrow_forwardThe eugenic movement was created in the early 20th century by Sir Francis Galton. Its aim was to improve the genetic pool of the human population by selective breeding. One idea was to discourage individuals with Mendelian autosomal recessive diseases to have children. However, the fallacy of this idea is shown by the fact that recessive lethal alleles (that are never found in homozygosity) can persist in populations for hundreds to thousands of generations. Which one of the following statements best explains the persistence of those alleles in populations? There is heterozygote advantage in those populations. Recessive alleles keep being produced by mutation. Recessive alleles cannot be selected against when present in heterozygotes. Genetic drift keeps recessive alleles at a relative high frequency in populations. Consider the action of mutation and of genetic drift in a population. What do you expect genetic variation will be in a…arrow_forwardBackground: In class we did a project about m and m’s and there ability to evolve and natural selection. (Yes I know they can’t actually evolve it was just used as a example in class) however I can’t figure out this question. Occasionally a mutant may occur and produce a candy that is misshapen or Pointier or flatter than the rest. Often this proves to be a weakness, but a rare mutation may confer extra M&M durability. Other mutations in M&Ms could occur ( like ones that result in a new color). A mutant un you population represents a new _________. What goes in the blankarrow_forward
- True or False a.) Evolution creates genetic variation in a population. b.) Fitness refers to an allele's ability to help the organism evade predators. c.) The process of natural selection may increase or decrease the frequency of a particular allele in the population depending on the environment. d.) A potato species acquires a mutation in its catalasegene that allows it to function in very cold environments. However, this catalaseis denatured at room temperature. This is a good example of fitness cost.arrow_forward2) Cows were domesticated from wolves approximately 20,000 years ago, likely in Europe . Mutation rates in cows are likely less than 0.005 mutations per genome per cell per generation. At present, over 300 cow breeds, distinct in behavior and appearance, are recognized. The mutation rates are clearly not high enough to account the evolution of all this biological distinctiveness. What accounts for all this variation? Choose all that apply. A) Rare, recessive alleles may have been “hidden” in heterozygotes. B) The characteristics upon which breeds are based may be QTLs. C) The characteristics upon which breeds are based may have a complex genetic architectureinvolving control loci (such as HOX loci) such that seemingly minor changes can have significantdevelopmental effects. D) Lineages corresponding to the different breeds may have been subjected to populationbottlenecks that enabled rapid change in allele frequencies.E) For many dog generations, humans have carefully controlled…arrow_forwardThe following illustrations represent two different patterns of evolution. Briefly discuss the differences in these two patterns with regard to how evolutionary change (on the x axis) occurs with respect to time (on the y axis).arrow_forward
- Some individuals in a canine population is susceptible to disease X, which strikes the adults. The susceptibility is later found to be determined by a single locus, with the R allele dominant over the r allele, such that the rr individuals are susceptible to the disease and the others immune. A population genetic survey showed that 1% of the newborns carry the rr genotype. Also, an independent estimation showed that mutation rate converting R to r is 5 × 10-3 per generation. You suspected that the r allele frequency is maintained by mutation- selection balance (MSB). If your hypothesis of MSB is true, then what is the survival rate for the rr adults? (Note: the equilibrium allele frequency ĝ is calculated as ĝ where %3D u is the mutation rate and s is the selection coefficient.) 5% 50% 95% 99% None of the abovearrow_forwardDescribe the significance of sickle cell anemia to understanding evolution and the role of culture in adaptation, and explain why it’s a great example of a balanced polymorphism.arrow_forwardYou are collaborating with a cool new local brewery on an experiment with one of their strains Saccharomyces cerevisiae, brewer’s yeast. You decide to apply what you learned in Evolution to create a mutation accumulation (MA) line to see if the patterns of mutation in their strain of S. cerevisiae follow patterns seen in other species. Which of the following best describes an actual result you observe form studying the mutation accumulation (MA) lines you created? a. Beneficial mutations occur far less frequently than deleterious mutations do. b. The neutral mutations had a greater effect on fitness compared to other mutation types. c. Most of the mutations that occur are the result of large chromosomal rearrangements. d. Of all possible mutation types, deleterious mutations are the most common mutation.arrow_forward
- Why might some light-skinned populations, such as the Japanese, be missing the F374 allele for lighter skin pigmentation? (Hint: Consider the various forces of evolution that may be at play.)arrow_forwardWhich of the following is true? Question 10 options: a) A person's phenotype is a trait that is the result of the environment only. b) A person's phenotype is a trait that is the result of genes only. c) A person's phenotype is a trait that is the result of genes and the environment. d) A person's genotype is a trait that is the result of genes and the environment.arrow_forwardImagine that genetic technology advances to the point where the genetic profile of an individual can be easily obtained, and that we have a full understanding of how genes interact to influence our health. Based on this genetic information alone, how reliably do you think we would be able to predict a person's chance of getting a specific disease? Where do you think this type of genetic profiling would lead with respect to selection of offspring or genetic superiority?arrow_forward
arrow_back_ios
SEE MORE QUESTIONS
arrow_forward_ios
Recommended textbooks for you
- Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)BiologyISBN:9780134580999Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. HoehnPublisher:PEARSONBiology 2eBiologyISBN:9781947172517Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann ClarkPublisher:OpenStaxAnatomy & PhysiologyBiologyISBN:9781259398629Author:McKinley, Michael P., O'loughlin, Valerie Dean, Bidle, Theresa StouterPublisher:Mcgraw Hill Education,
- Molecular Biology of the Cell (Sixth Edition)BiologyISBN:9780815344322Author:Bruce Alberts, Alexander D. Johnson, Julian Lewis, David Morgan, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, Peter WalterPublisher:W. W. Norton & CompanyLaboratory Manual For Human Anatomy & PhysiologyBiologyISBN:9781260159363Author:Martin, Terry R., Prentice-craver, CynthiaPublisher:McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.Inquiry Into Life (16th Edition)BiologyISBN:9781260231700Author:Sylvia S. Mader, Michael WindelspechtPublisher:McGraw Hill Education
Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
Biology
ISBN:9780134580999
Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Publisher:PEARSON
Biology 2e
Biology
ISBN:9781947172517
Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann Clark
Publisher:OpenStax
Anatomy & Physiology
Biology
ISBN:9781259398629
Author:McKinley, Michael P., O'loughlin, Valerie Dean, Bidle, Theresa Stouter
Publisher:Mcgraw Hill Education,
Molecular Biology of the Cell (Sixth Edition)
Biology
ISBN:9780815344322
Author:Bruce Alberts, Alexander D. Johnson, Julian Lewis, David Morgan, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, Peter Walter
Publisher:W. W. Norton & Company
Laboratory Manual For Human Anatomy & Physiology
Biology
ISBN:9781260159363
Author:Martin, Terry R., Prentice-craver, Cynthia
Publisher:McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.
Inquiry Into Life (16th Edition)
Biology
ISBN:9781260231700
Author:Sylvia S. Mader, Michael Windelspecht
Publisher:McGraw Hill Education
Mitochondrial mutations; Author: Useful Genetics;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GvgXe-3RJeU;License: CC-BY