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Anxiety disorders and symptoms can often be effectively treated with benzodiazepine medications. It is known that animals exposed to stress exhibit a decrease in benzodiazepine receptor binding in the frontal cortex. The article “Decreased Benzodiazepine Receptor Binding in Prefrontal Cortex in Combat-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder” (Amer. J. of Psychiatry, 2000: 1120-1126) described the first study of benzodiazepine receptor binding in individuals suffering from PTSD. The accompanying data on a receptor binding measure (adjusted distribution volume) was read from a graph in the article.
PTSD: 10. 20, 25, 28, 31, 35, 37, 38, 38, 39, 39, 42, 46
Healthy: 23, 39, 40, 41, 43, 47, 51, 58, 63, 66, 67, 69, 72
Use various methods from this chapter to describe and summarize the data.
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Chapter 1 Solutions
Probability and Statistics for Engineering and the Sciences
- Anxiety disorders and symptoms can often be effectivelytreated with benzodiazepine medications. It isknown that animals exposed to stress exhibit adecrease in benzodiazepine receptor binding in thefrontal cortex. The article “Decreased BenzodiazepineReceptor Binding in Prefrontal Cortex in Combat-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder” (Amer. J.of Psychiatry, 2000: 1120–1126) described the firststudy of benzodiazepine receptor binding in individualssuffering from PTSD. The accompanying data on areceptor binding measure (adjusted distribution volume)was read from a graph in the article.PTSD: 10, 20, 25, 28, 31, 35, 37, 38, 38, 39, 39,42, 46Healthy: 23, 39, 40, 41, 43, 47, 51, 58, 63, 66, 67,69, 72Use various methods from this chapter to describe andsummarize the data.arrow_forwardSleep apnea is a sleep disorder characterized by pauses in breathing during sleep. Children with sleep apnea have behavior problems, including hyperactivity, inattention, and aggression, as well as impaired learning and diminished academic performance. The removal of tonsils and adenoids that are enlarged, causing the obstruction of the airways, is one of the most common treatments for pediatric sleep apnea. A clinical psychologist studies the effects of tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy on hyperactive behavior. Her quasi-experiment includes three groups of 11 children. The first group of children does not have sleep apnea, the second group has untreated sleep apnea, and the third group has sleep apnea treated by tonsillectomies and adenoidectomies. Hyperactivity was measured using teacher reports on the Conners Rating Scale. The sample means and sums of squared deviations of the scores for each of the three groups are presented in the table that follows. Group Sample Mean Sum…arrow_forwardElissa Epel, a professor of health psychology at the University of California-San Francisco, studied women in high- and low-stress situations. She found that women with higher cortisol responses to stress ate significantly more sweet food and consumed more calories on the stress day compared with those with low cortisol responses, and compared with themselves on lower stress days. Increases in negative mood in response to the stressors were also significantly related to greater food consumption. These results suggest that psychophysiological responses to stress may influence subsequent eating behavior. Over time, these alterations could impact both weight and health. You are interested in studying whether college juniors or college sophomores consume more calories. You ask a sample of n, = 35 college juniors and n2 = 40 college sophomores to record their daily caloric intake for a week. The average daily caloric intake for college juniors was M1 2,423 calories, with a standard…arrow_forward
- Sleep apnea is a sleep disorder characterized by pauses in breathing during sleep. Children with sleep apnea have behavior problems, including hyperactivity, inattention, and aggression, as well as impaired learning and diminished academic performance. The removal of tonsils and adenoids that are enlarged, causing the obstruction of the airways, is one of the most common treatments for pediatric sleep apnea. A clinical psychologist studies the effects of tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy on aggressive behavior. Her quasi-experiment includes three groups of 9 children. The first group of children does not have sleep apnea, the second group has untreated sleep apnea, and the third group has sleep apnea treated by tonsillectomies and adenoidectomies. Aggression was measured using parent reports on the Conners Rating Scale. The sample means and sums of squared deviations of the scores for each of the three groups are presented in the table that follows. Group Sample Mean Sum of…arrow_forwardResearchers have sought to examine the effect of various types of music on agitation levels in patients who are in the early and middle stages of Alzheimer's disease. Patients were selected to participate in the study based on their stage of Alzheimer's disease. Three forms of music were tested: Easy listening, Mozart, and piano interludes. While listening to music, agitation levels were recorded for the patients with a high score indicating a higher level of agitation. Scores are recorded below. Group Piano Interlude Mozart Easy Listening Early Stage Alzheimer's 2124221820 Mean=21.0 9121059 Mean=9.0 2926302426 Mean=27.0 Middle Stage Alzheimer's 2220251820 Mean=21.0 141811913 Mean=13.0 1518201319 Mean=17.0 Complete the following ANOVA table. Source df SS MS F Type of Music 2 740 Degree of Alzheimer's 1 30 Interaction 2 260 Error 24 178 Total 29 1208…arrow_forwardWhat does an interaction in two-way ANOVA mean? (I’m not asking what it looks like graphically, but what does it mean?)arrow_forward
- Three experiments investigating the relation between need for cognitive closure and persuasion were reported in “Motivated Resistance and Openness to Persuasion in the Presence or Absence of Prior Information,” by A. W. Kruglanski (Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 65, No. 5, pp. 861–874). Part of the study involved administering a “need for closure scale” to a group of students enrolled in an introductory psychology course. The “need for closure scale” has scores ranging from 101 to 201. For the 73 students in the highest quartile of the distribution, the mean score was 178.70 . Assume a population standard deviation of 7.81. These students were all classified as high on their need for closure. Assume that the 73 students represent a random sample of all students who are classified as high on their need for closure. Find a 95% confidence interval for the population mean score on the “need for closure scale” for all students with a high need for closurearrow_forwardA personality study on university students was conducted to investigate the hypothesis that extroverts have lower grades than introverts. Fifteen students completed a questionnaire that classified them as "extroverts", "average", "introverts". Overall grade point averages on a 5 point scale were reported and the following data were obtained: Group 2 (Average) Group 1 (Introverts) 3 2 Group 3 (Extroverts) 3 2 1 4 15 2 3 3 Test the hypothesis at the 5% significance level (a = 0.05) using the 5-step hypothesis testing procedure (show ALL steps). Make sure to clearly state the null and alternative hypotheses in formal symbol notation (or in words if formal symbol notation is not appropriate). Show your work. Show the formula and all steps of the calculations and not just the final answer. Round all values to 2 decimal places. If ANOVA is the appropriate test, you must show the complete ANOVA summary table.arrow_forwardus. What does this suggest? Source: Pegna, Alan J. et al., "Discriminating Emotional Faces without Primary Visual Cortices Involves the Right Amygdala." Nature Neuroscience, 8(1), 2005. 28. Reproducibility Researchers looked at studies that were reported in newspapers with the goal of determining whether initial studies had results that could be reproduced. Reproducibility of results means that subsequent analysis confirms the conclusion of the original study. Primary studies are studies where the researchers come up with a research objective, clearly state the goals of the study and population, describe the research method, test the research hypotheses, and draw conclusions. (a) Among the 156 primary studies reported by newspapers, 76 had results that were validated by subsequent analysis. Does this suggest less than a majority of initial studies reported by newspapers have their results validated by subsequent analysis? (b) In the article, a null effect is defined as any study where…arrow_forward
- In studies examining the effect of humor on interpersonal attractions, McGee and Shevlin (2009) found that an individual’s sense of humor had a significant effect on how the individual was perceived by others. In one part of the study, female college students were given brief descriptions of a potential romantic partner. The fictitious male was described positively as being single and ambitious and having good job prospects. For one group of participants, the description also said that he had a great sense of humor. For another group, it said that he has no sense of humor. After reading the description, each participant was asked to rate the attractiveness of the man on a seven-point scale from 1 (very unattractive) to 7 (very attractive). A score of 4 indicates a neutral rating. The females who read the “great sense of humor” description gave the potential partner an average attractiveness score of M = 4.53 with a standard deviation of s = 1.04. If the sample consisted of n = 16…arrow_forwardIn a study examining the effects of time of day (morning or afternoon) and temperature (cool, normal, warm) on worker productivity, how many interaction effect(s) are possible?arrow_forwardIn 2015, people all over the internet were hotly debating whether a specific dress was actually white and gold (WG) or black and blue (BB). The photograph was unusually lit and provided little context beyond the dress itself, leaving much to interpretation. The dress therefore made an excellent tool to study the involvement of higher cognitive functions in color perception. Researchers recruited a random sample of adults, some of whom perceived the dress to be WG and some of whom perceived it to be BB. While the subjects were looking at the picture of the dress on a computer screen, their relative brain activity in the frontal cortex was assessed using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) brain imaging. The table contains the findings. B -0.68 -0.58 -0.57 -0.42 -0.39 -0.36 -0.30 B -0.21 -0.23 -0.14 -0.12 -0.08 0.04 0.20 w-0.24-0.03 0.07 0.15 0.16 0.17 0.33 G 0.35 0.37 0.49 0.52 0.54 0.68 0.76 Click to download the data in your preferred format. Excel Minitab14-18 Minitab18+ JMP…arrow_forward
- Calculus For The Life SciencesCalculusISBN:9780321964038Author:GREENWELL, Raymond N., RITCHEY, Nathan P., Lial, Margaret L.Publisher:Pearson Addison Wesley,