Chapter 10, Problem 1E

In addition to the key words, you should also be able to define the following terms:

Individual differences

Differential effects

History

Instrumentation

Order effects

Maturation

Statistical regression

Interrupted time-series designs

Single-case, or single-subject designs

Participant attrition, or participant mortality

To determine

The given terms.

Answer to Problem 1E

Solution:

The definitions of the terms are stated below.

Explanation of Solution

• Individual differences: These are personal characteristics that differ from one participant to another.
• Differential effects: The Differential Outcomes Effect is a theory in Behaviorism, a branch of psychology that shows that a positive effect on accuracy occurs in discrimination learning between different stimuli when unique rewards are paired with each individual stimulus.
• History: The term history, refers to the environmental events other than the treatment that changes over time and may affect the scores in one treatment differently than in another treatment.
• Instrumentation: Instrumentation refers to changes in a measuring instrument that occur over time.
• Order effects: When an individual is tested in a series of treatment conditions, participation in one treatment may have an influence on the participants' scores in the treatments that follow and it is referred as order effects.
• Maturation: Any systematic changes in participant's physiology or psychology that occur during a research study and affect the participants' scores are referred to as maturation.
• Statistical regression: This refers to the tendency for extreme scores on any measurements to move towards the mean when the measurement procedure is repeated.
• Interrupted time-series designs: Interrupted time series is a special type of time series where treatment/intervention occurred at a specific point and the series is broken up by the introduction of the intervention.
• Single-case or single-subject designs: In the design of experiments, single-subject design or single-case research design is a research design most often used in the applied fields of psychology, education, and human behavior in which the subject serves as his/her own control, rather than using another individual/group.
• Participant attrition or participant mortality: Participants frequently drop out of experiments whilst they are taking place/before they finish; something that is known as participant mortality or participant attrition.

Conclusion:

The terms defined above are needed to properly understand any statistical experiment.