Biology 2e
2nd Edition
ISBN: 9781947172517
Author: Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann Clark
Publisher: OpenStax
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Chapter 16, Problem 38CTQ
A scientist discovers a virus encoding a Protein X that degrades a subunit of the elF4F complex. Knowing that this virus transcribes its own mRNAs in the cytoplasm of human cells, why would Protein X be an effective virulence factor?
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The genome of a retrovirus can integrate into the host cell genome. What gene is unique to retroviruses, and why is the protein encoded by this gene absolutely necessary for maintaining the retroviral life cycle?
‘’Viruses cannot be grown in standard microbiological culture such as broth and agar. They need to be cultured in the presence of a suitable host such as prokaryotic cells (easiest to grow in the lab), plants and animals because they are unable to reproduce independently in living cells’’.2.2 What are the changes that are brought by a virus to a cell? In your response, make reference to the cytopathic effect (CPE).
Chapter 16 Solutions
Biology 2e
Ch. 16 - Figure 16.5 In E. coli, the tip operon is on by...Ch. 16 - Figure 16.7 In females, one of the two X...Ch. 16 - Figure 16.13 An increase in phosphorylation levels...Ch. 16 - Control of gene expression in eukaryotic cells...Ch. 16 - Post-translational control refers to: regulation...Ch. 16 - How does the regulation of gene expression support...Ch. 16 - If glucose is absent, but so is lactose, the lac...Ch. 16 - Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus. Therefore, the...Ch. 16 - The a/a operon is an inducible operon that...Ch. 16 - What are epigenetic modifications? the addition of...
Ch. 16 - Which of the following are true of epigenetic...Ch. 16 - The binding of _____ is required for transcription...Ch. 16 - What will result from the binding of a...Ch. 16 - A scientist compares the promoter regions of two...Ch. 16 - Which of the following are involved in post...Ch. 16 - Binding of an RNA binding protein will the...Ch. 16 - An unprocessed pre-mRNA has the following...Ch. 16 - IS. Alternative splicing has been estimated to...Ch. 16 - Post-translational modifications of proteins can...Ch. 16 - A scientist mutates elF-2 to eliminate its GTP...Ch. 16 - Cancer causing genes are called transformation...Ch. 16 - Targeted therapies are used in patients with a set...Ch. 16 - Name two differences between prokaryotic and...Ch. 16 - Describe how controlling gene expression will...Ch. 16 - Describe how transcription in prokaryotic cells...Ch. 16 - What is the difference between a repressible and...Ch. 16 - In cancer cells, alteration to epigenetic...Ch. 16 - A scientific study demonstrated that rat mothering...Ch. 16 - Some autoimmune diseases show a positive...Ch. 16 - A mutation within the promoter region can alter...Ch. 16 - What could happen if a cell had too much of an...Ch. 16 - A scientist identifies a potential transcription...Ch. 16 - Describe how RBPs can prevent miRNAs from...Ch. 16 - How can external stimuli alter...Ch. 16 - Protein modification can alter gene expression in...Ch. 16 - Alternative forms of a protein can be beneficial...Ch. 16 - Changes in epigenetic modifications alter the...Ch. 16 - A scientist discovers a virus encoding a Protein X...Ch. 16 - New drugs are being developed that decrease DNA...Ch. 16 - How can understanding the gene expression pattern...
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- Some retroviruses that have a wide host range have been developed for use in treatment of diseases or syndromes. These viruses do not result in a productive infection because they lack critical genes for viral replication, but they do carry DNA sequences that allow them to be packaged into infectious particles. Once in the host cell the viral DNA is released and integrates into the cell's genome. The advantage to this strategy is that the delivery of the DNA is very efficient. What is one possible problem of using a virus that can integrate into the human nuclear genome? Multiple Choice The virus carries genes that will interfere with host cell activities. The viral DNA sequences could still cause a disease. Since the viral DNA sequences no longer contain essential genes for viral replication the host cell may not be able to replicate either. The integration could disrupt an essential gene or genes.arrow_forwardWhich of the following is a known characteristic or procesds that can lead to genetic changes in some viruses? When two different viral strains of the same type of virus infect a single individual, reassortment/mixing of segmented genome pieces can occur, resulting in new combinations of segments. Genetic rearrangements of the viral genome occurs as a result of duplicate operons in the viral genome undergoing homologous recombination. Environmental conditions trigger the SOS response in viruses, and leads to generation of errors/mutations in the viral genome. Viral RNA polymerases display proofreading capability in replicating the viral genome of certain viruses.arrow_forwardList three differences between the structure of HIV and the virus that causes influenza. For one of these differences, explain how the STRUCTURE is key to the FUNCTION of the virus.arrow_forward
- Which of the following is an example of virus-encoded molecules modifying signal transduction pathways to promote replication? Production of a small subgenomic RNA in flavivirus-infected cells Degradation of Xrn1 in poliovirus-infected cells Herpes simplex virus protein that blocks pre-mRNA splicing Poliovirus cleavage of nuclear export proteinsarrow_forwardAn antimicrobial drug binds to the HIV reverse transcriptase enzyme, preventing it from working. Which of the following is true of this drug? It would inhibit early replication steps of some viruses, but not affect normal eukaryotic cell activity. It would directly interfere with translation of some viral proteins and some eukaryotic proteins. It would block assembly/maturation steps of some viruses, and interfere with translation in eukaryotic cells. It would interfere with release of newly formed viruses from a host cell, but not affect eukaryotic cells. It would interfere with protein synthesis in bacteria, but not affect eukaryotic ribosomes. It would interfere with mRNA transcription in bacteria and viruses, but not affect eukaryotic transcription.arrow_forwardWhat is the difference between the lytic and lysogenic cycle of bacteriophages? In the lysogenic cycle, the phage DNA integrates itself into the host genome after penetration, and continues to biosynthesis when conditions change The host cell is not killed in the lysogenic cycle The lytic cycle occurs in the nucleus, while the lysogenic cycle occurs in the cytoplasm In the lysogenic cycle, penetration is achieved through phagocytosisarrow_forward
- Given that BOVID-12 seems to have a significant affect on brain organoid size you decide to take iPSCs and differentiate them into neurons. The iPSCs mature into early neural progenitor cells (Early NPCs), then late neural progenitor cells (Late NPCs), and then neurons. You take each of these four cell types and infect them with the BOVID-12 virus. The results are shown below: Early NPCs Late NPCs Cell viability relative to mock infection iPSCs → IPS cells Neurons Late NPCs 120% 100%- 80%- 60%- 40%- 20%- 0%- 0.1 1 Amount of virus Which cell type(s) are unaffected by the virus? Both Early and Late NPCs wwwwwww.. iPSCs and Neurons Early NPCs Neurons 10arrow_forwardA virus does not contain ribosomes. How does it manage to ensure the synthesis of its proteins?arrow_forwardRNA viruses need to regulate the switch from mRNA synthesis to genome replication. Describe three of the mechanisms RNA viruses use to switch from transcription to replication.arrow_forward
- Imagine that a researcher discovers a new type of virus. This virus contains single‑stranded RNA with "negative" sense. Consider the image. Which statement is true regarding this virus? According to the Baltimore system, this virus would be classified as a type V virus. Based on the presence of single‑stranded RNA, this virus is likely similar to HIV. According to the Baltimore system, this virus would be classified as a type IV virus. This virus must use reverse transcriptase to produce mRNA.arrow_forwardWhich of the following highly contagious viruses is a single-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA) virus with a helical capsid and envelope and is transmitted by coming in contact with respiratory secretions? "This is a highly contagious respiratory illness transmitted when an infected person coughs or sneezes virus particles into the air," the health department said in a written statement. "It's so contagious that if one person is sick and spreading measles, nine out of 10 people around them who aren't immune will get it, too." Group of answer choices a. Measles b. Parvovirus c. Coxsackie virus A d. Rhinovirusarrow_forwardAs a general rule, viruses are not considered to be alive based on several reasons. One such reason is that some viruses use RNA as their genetic material instead of DNA. Which of the five biological themes does this violate? Briefly explain why.arrow_forward
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