Life: The Science of Biology
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781319010164
Author: David E. Sadava, David M. Hillis, H. Craig Heller, Sally D. Hacker
Publisher: W. H. Freeman
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Chapter 16.3, Problem 1R
Summary Introduction
To review:
The negative and positive gene expression regulation in the life cycles of bacteriophage λ and the HIV (human immune deficiency virus).
Introduction:
An activator binds to a specific site on a DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) sequence near the promoter or far away from the promoter and initiates transcription. This is positive regulation of the gene transcription. In the case of negative regulation, a repressor protein binds to the promoter and prevents the process of transcription. Bacteriophage λ and HIV show both positive and negative regulation of gene expression.
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Students have asked these similar questions
Describe the process of reverse transcription of HIV RNA.
The cI protein in bacteriophage l (lambda) is a transcriptional regulator - name the promoters in the phage genome that are regulated by this protein, and give the effect of the cI protein on each promoter you name (i.e. is the cI protein an activator or a repressor for that promoter).
In immediate-early transcription of the phage genome, the N
protein works as an
antiterminator to allow transcription of the delayed early genes. After this, if the bacterial cell that this lambda
phage infects is robustly healthy, it will make many proteases that overwhelm the efforts of the
clll
protein in protecting the cll protein from degradation. If the cll protein is degraded,
protein will block transcription from the PRM promoter and promote the lysis
the cro
pathway.
If the lysogenic pathway prevails, the cll protein is protected
P-RM
promoter. This results in the
which blocks transcription from
P-RM
cro
. Upon integration, the prop
until environmental conditions induce the lytic pathway.
[Select]
cl
cill
cro
N
P-L
P-RM
P-RE
transcription from the
protein being made,
nscription from
s host chromosome
Chapter 16 Solutions
Life: The Science of Biology
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- What is the position and orientation of TAR important for HIV-1 transcription?arrow_forwardWhich form of HIV RNA, fully spliced, incompletely spiced, or unspliced, is needed during the early stage of the synthesis of HIV components?arrow_forwardIn the treatment of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), a possible mode of therapy is to inhibit the reverse transcriptase (RT) of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), whcih is required for the retrovirus to be propogated by RNA-directed DNA synthesis. In the figure below, one of the substrates for RT is thymidine; and two drugs, AZT and HBY097 are known to inhibit HIV RT> (a) Thymidine; (b) AZT; (c) HBY097 Look at the structures and predict the type of inhibition (i.e. competitive or non-competitive) likely to be shown by each drug. By using knowledge on enzyme, plan an experiment that would enable you to confirm the type of inhibition by investigating enzyme kinetics and explain how you would interpret the results.Remarks: Not more than 250 words.arrow_forward
- Is the Degradation of Xrn1 in poliovirus-infected cells an example of virus-encoded molecules modifying signal transduction pathways to promote replication?arrow_forwardExplain the role of RNase H (a component of reverse transcriptase)during the synthesis of HIV DNA.arrow_forwardDescribe the role of the Gag polyprotein during the assembly of HIV components at the host-cell plasma membrane.arrow_forward
- Briefly explain how a lambda lysogen can provide immunity against infection by another phage with the same immunity region.arrow_forwardThe RNA transcript of a region of T4 phage DNA contains the sequence 5’-AAAUGAGGA-3'. This sequence encodes three different polypeptides. What are they?arrow_forwardBriefly describe how the Nucleocapsid protein of rabies virus promotes the switch from transcription to viral genomic replication.arrow_forward
- Consider the phase variation of flagella in Salmonella. Describe the phenotype of a cell in which hin is deleted. Will it be motile? Will it undergo phase variation? Which flagellin(s) will be used, if any? Name two bacterial defenses against bacteriophages and explain how they work How might a phage evolve resistance to the CRISPR host defense?arrow_forwardDescribe the temporal sequence of the bacteriophage life cycle.arrow_forwardExplain how the Pyrococcus furiosus TrmBL1 transcriptionregulator is able to act as both an activator and a repressor.arrow_forward
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