Concept explainers
a) Acrylonitrile, C3H3N, which contains a carbon-carbon double bond and a carbon- nitrogen triple bond.
Interpretation:
Structure of acrylonitrile, C3H3N, with a carbon-carbon double bond and a carbon- nitrogen triple bond along with lone pair of electrons is to be drawn.
Concept introduction:
A covalent bond is formed by mutual sharing of two electrons between the atoms, each atom giving one electron for sharing. Such a covalent bond, that is, a pair of shared electrons is represented as a line between the atoms, for example as A-B. The number of covalent bonds formed by an atom depends on the number of electrons that the atom requires for making the octet in its valence shell. Valence electrons that are not used for bonding are called lone-pair of electrons or nonbonding electrons.
Answer to Problem 33AP
Structure of acrylonitrile, C3H3N.
Explanation of Solution
Structure of acrylonitrile, C3H3N, with a carbon-carbon double bond and a carbon- nitrogen triple bond along with lone pair of electrons is required. Carbon with four valence electrons can form four covalent bonds. Nitrogen with five valence electrons can form three covalent bonds while hydrogen with one valence electron an form one covalent bond. There are three carbons in acrylonitrile molecule. Two carbons are joined by a double bond and the third carbon is involved in forming triple bond with nitrogen and a single bond with second carbon. Out of the five valence electrons available, nitrogen has utilized only three electrons in forming the triple bond. Therefore a lone pair of electron remains on nitrogen. The hydrogen atoms are distributed on different carbon atoms depending upon their valence requirements giving the structure as
Structure of acrylonitrile, C3H3N, with a carbon-carbon double bond and a carbon- nitrogen triple bond along with lone pair of electrons.
b) Ethyl methyl ether, C3H8O, which contains an oxygen atom bonded to two carbon atoms
Interpretation:
Structure of ethyl methyl ether, C3H8O, which contains an oxygen atom bonded to two carbon atoms along with lone pair of electrons is to be drawn.
Concept introduction:
A covalent bond is formed by mutual sharing of two electrons between the atoms, each atom giving one electron for sharing. Such a covalent bond, that is, a pair of shared electrons is represented as a line between the atoms, for example as A-B. The number of covalent bonds formed by an atom depends on the number of electrons that the atom requires for making the octet in its valence shell. Valence electrons that are not used for bonding are called lone-pair of electrons or nonbonding electrons.
Answer to Problem 33AP
Structure of ethyl methyl ether, C3H8O, which contains an oxygen atom bonded to two carbon atoms along with lone pair of electrons is
Explanation of Solution
Structure of ethyl methyl ether, C3H8O, with an oxygen atom bonded to two carbon atoms along with lone pair of electrons is required. Carbon with four valence electrons can form four covalent bonds. Oxygen with six valence electrons can form two covalent bonds while hydrogen with one valence electron an form one covalent bond. There are three carbons in ethyl methyl ether molecule. Since the oxygen atom is bonded to two carbon atoms, the third carbon must be attached to any one of the carbons bonded to oxygen atom. Hence the skeleton structure of ethyl methyl ether will be C-C-O-C. Out of the six valence electrons available, oxygen has utilized only two electrons in forming the bonds. Therefore two lone pairs of electrons remain on oxygen atom. The hydrogen atoms are distributed on different carbon atoms depending upon their valence requirements giving the structure as H3C-CH2-O-CH3.
Structure of ethyl methyl ether, C3H8O, which contains an oxygen atom bonded to two carbon atoms along with lone pair of electrons is
c) Butane, C4H10, which contains a chain of four carbon atoms.
Interpretation:
Structure of butane, C4H10, which contains a chain of four carbon atoms along with lone pair of electrons is to be drawn.
Concept introduction:
A covalent bond is formed by mutual sharing of two electrons between the atoms, each atom giving one electron for sharing. Such a covalent bond, that is, a pair of shared electrons is represented as a line between the atoms, for example as A-B. The number of covalent bonds formed by an atom depends on the number of electrons that the atom requires for making the octet in its valence shell. Valence electrons that are not used for bonding are called lone-pair of electrons or nonbonding electrons.
Answer to Problem 33AP
Structure of butane, C4H10.
Explanation of Solution
Structure of butane, C4H10, which contains a chain of four carbon atoms along with lone pair of electrons is
d) Cyclohexene, C6H10, which contains a ring of six carbon atoms and one carbon-carbon double bond.
Interpretation:
Structure of cyclohexene, C6H10, which contains a ring of six carbon atoms and one carbon-carbon double bond along with lone pair of electrons is to be drawn.
Concept introduction:
A covalent bond is formed by mutual sharing of two electrons between the atoms, each atom giving one electron for sharing. Such a covalent bond, that is, a pair of shared electrons is represented as a line between the atoms, for example as A-B. The number of covalent bonds formed by an atom depends on the number of electrons that the atom requires for making the octet in its valence shell. Valence electrons that are not used for bonding are called lone-pair of electrons or nonbonding electrons.
Answer to Problem 33AP
Structure of cyclohexene, C6H10, which contains a ring of six carbon atoms and one carbon-carbon double bond.
Explanation of Solution
Structure of cyclohexene, C6H10, with a ring of six carbon atoms and one carbon-carbon double bond along with lone pair of electrons is required. Carbon with four valence electrons can form four covalent bonds while hydrogen with one valence electron an form only one covalent bond. The carbons are to be arranged in the form a ring with two carbons attached through a double bond and two single bonds and others through four by single bonds. The ten hydrogen atoms are distributed on these six carbons satisfying their valence requirements. Thus no lone pair of electrons remains on either carbon or hydrogen. The structure of cyclohexene is
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Chapter 1 Solutions
Organic Chemistry
- For each of the following covalent bonds: (a) use the symbols δ+ and δ- to indicate the direction of polarity (if any).(a) C-F; (b) N-Br; (c) B-C; (d) Si-H(b) Rank the following covalent bonds in order of increasing polarity. (i) C-H, O-H, N-H; (ii) C-N, C-O, B-O; (iii) C-P, C-S, C-Narrow_forwardThe arrangement of atoms in several biologically important molecules is given here. Complete the Lewis structures of these molecules by adding multiple bonds and lone pairs. Do not add any more atoms. (a) the amino acid serine: 車 0-H H-C-H H Н—N—с—с—о—н H (b) нон H-N-C-N-H (c) pyruvic acid: ноо н—с—с—с—о—н H. (d) uracil: H (e) carbonic acid: H-0-C-0-Harrow_forwardIs there an OH group present? Are there any C(sp2 )–H bonds? How about a carbon-carbon triple bond (alkyne) or a carbon-nitrogen triple bond (nitrile)? Is there a C=O?arrow_forward
- Write Lewis structures for these compounds. Show all valence electrons. None of them contains a ring of atoms. (a) Hydrogen peroxide, H2O2 (b) Hydrazine, N2H4 (c) Methanol, CH3OHarrow_forwardDraw the shapes of the following molecules and ions in 3-dimension. Show clearly any lone pairs of electrons on the central atom, state the number of bond pairs and lone pairs of electrons on the central atom and name the shape of the molecule or ion. (a) SiCI4, silicon tetrachloride (b) PBr3, phosphorus tribromide (c) CI2O, dichlorine oxide Provide everything stated in the instructions for each compound.arrow_forwardDraw the shapes of the following molecules and ions in 3-dimension. Show clearly any lone pairs of electrons on the central atom, state the number of bond pairs and lone pairs of electrons on the central atom and name the shape of the molecule or ion. (a) CH3+, methyl carbocation (b) HOBr, bromic (I) acid (c) NCl3, nitrogen trichloride Provide everything stated in the instructions for each compound.arrow_forward
- Calculate the Enthalpy Change (ΔH) from average bond energies, which have been listed below in KJ/mol, for the following reaction and identify the nature of the reaction: CH3COOH + CH3OH → CH3COOCH3 + H2O [C‒H: 413; C‒C: 347; C=O: 745; C=C: 614; Cl‒Cl: 239, C‒O: 358; O‒H: 467]arrow_forwardDraw a Lewis structure for each of the following molecule: (a) chlorodifluoromethane, CHCIF2 (b) propanoic acid C2H5CO2H (basic structure pictured below) (c) acetonitrile, CH3CN ( the framework is H3C-C-N) (d) allene, H2CCCH2arrow_forwardLinoleic acid (below) is an essential fatty acid found in many vegetable oils, such as soy, peanut, and cottonseed. A key structural feature of the molecule is the cis orientation around its two double bonds, where R1 and R2 represent two different groups that form the rest of the molecule. R, CH2 `H H' (a) How many different compounds are possible, changing only the cis/trans arrangements around these two double bonds? (b) How many are possible for a similar compound with three double bonds? R3. .CH2 R4 `H H `H H'arrow_forward
- 5. A molecule with the formula C,H is a(n): (a) hexane (b) propane (c) decane (d) butane (e) ethanearrow_forwardDetermine a molecular formula, for example, CH4, from the line structure below. (Specify elements in the following order: C, H, others (in alphabetical order). Example: C4H7CIOS) Molecular formulaarrow_forwardCN3L (CH3)2-CH2-0 The molecular formula for both n-hexane (or simply hexane) and 2,2-dimethylbutane is C6H14. Compounds which have the same molecular formula but have different structures are calledarrow_forward
- Chemistry: The Molecular ScienceChemistryISBN:9781285199047Author:John W. Moore, Conrad L. StanitskiPublisher:Cengage Learning