Concept explainers
What is a hydrocarbon? What is the difference between a saturated hydrocarbon and an
The normal (unbranched) hydrocarbons are often referred to as straight-chain hydrocarbons. What does this name refer to? Does it mean that the carbon atoms in a straight-chain hydrocarbon really have a linear arrangement? Explain. In the shorthand notation for cyclic alkanes, the hydrogens are usually omitted. How do you determine the number of hydrogens bonded to each carbon in a ring structure?
Interpretation: The answers of various questions related to hydrocarbons are to be stated.
Concept introduction: The organic compounds containing carbon and hydrogen are known as hydrocarbons. They can be further classified as saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons. Saturated hydrocarbons contain only single bond between atoms while unsaturated hydrocarbons contains double or triple bonds between the atoms of the molecule.
Answer to Problem 1RQ
To explain: The answers of various questions related to hydrocarbons.
Hydrocarbons are the simplest organic compounds.
The organic compounds containing carbon and hydrogen are known as hydrocarbons. They can be straight chain, branched chain or cyclic molecules.
The difference between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons is that saturated hydrocarbons contain only single bonds between atoms while unsaturated hydrocarbons contain double or triple bonds between the atoms.
In normal straight-chain hydrocarbons, carbon atoms form long chains while in branched hydrocarbons, hydrogen attached to carbon is substituted by any other group.
When the hydrocarbons contain only single bonds, then they are known as alkanes. The general formula of alkanes is
The hybridization of carbon atom in alkanes is
All the carbon atoms in alkanes are joined by single bonds, thus its hybridization is
In alkanes, each carbon atom forms four bonds and each hydrogen atom forms a single bond with a carbon atom. The bonding around each carbon is tetrahedral, therefore all the bond angles are
The carbon atoms in cyclopropane form an equilateral triangle with a bond angle of
The carbon atoms in cyclobutane form an equilateral square and the bond angle is
Straight chain hydrocarbon does not mean that they have a linear arrangement
The number of hydrogens in cyclic alkanes is calculated by its general formula.
In short hand notation for cyclic alkanes, the hydrogens are usually omitted. They can be determined by the general formula of cyclic alkanes. Their general formula is
For example, in butane, four carbon atoms are present.
The value of
Therefore, the number of hydrogen atoms
Hydrocarbons are simplest organic compounds and the hybridization of carbon atom in alkanes is
Explanation of Solution
To explain: The answers of various questions related to hydrocarbons.
Hydrocarbons are the simplest organic compounds.
The organic compounds containing carbon and hydrogen are known as hydrocarbons. They can be straight chain, branched chain or cyclic molecules.
The difference between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons is that saturated hydrocarbons contain only single bonds between atoms while unsaturated hydrocarbons contain double or triple bonds between the atoms.
In normal straight-chain hydrocarbons, carbon atoms form long chains while in branched hydrocarbons, hydrogen attached to carbon is substituted by any other group.
When the hydrocarbons contain only single bonds, then they are known as alkanes. The general formula of alkanes is
The hybridization of carbon atom in alkanes is
All the carbon atoms in alkanes are joined by single bonds, thus its hybridization is
In alkanes, each carbon atom forms four bonds and each hydrogen atom forms a single bond with a carbon atom. The bonding around each carbon is tetrahedral, therefore all the bond angles are
The carbon atoms in cyclopropane form an equilateral triangle with a bond angle of
The carbon atoms in cyclobutane form an equilateral square and the bond angle is
Straight chain hydrocarbon does not mean that they have a linear arrangement
The number of hydrogens in cyclic alkanes is calculated by its general formula.
In short hand notation for cyclic alkanes, the hydrogens are usually omitted. They can be determined by the general formula of cyclic alkanes. Their general formula is
For example, in butane, four carbon atoms are present.
The value of
Therefore, the number of hydrogen atoms
Hydrocarbons are simplest organic compounds and the hybridization of carbon atom in alkanes is
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Chapter 21 Solutions
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- What is a hydrocarbon? What is the difference between a saturated hydrocarbon and an unsaturated hydrocarbon? Distinguish between normal and branched hydrocarbons. What is an alkane? What is a cyclic alkane? What are the two general formulas for alkanes? What is the hybridization of carbon atoms in alkanes? What are the bond angles in alkanes? Why are cyclopropane and cyclobutane so reactive? The normal (unbranched) hydrocarbons are often referred to as straight-chain hydrocarbons. What does this name refer to? Does it mean that the carbon atoms in a straight-chain hydrocarbon really have a linear arrangement? Explain. In the shorthand notation for cyclic alkanes, the hydrogens are usually omitted. How do you determine the number of hydrogens bonded to each carbon in a ring structure?arrow_forwardComplete and balance the following combustion reactions. Assume that each hydrocarbon is converted completely to carbon dioxide and water. (a) Propane + O2 (b) Octane + O2 (c) Cyclohexane + O2 (d) 2-Methylpentane + O2arrow_forwardHow does the structure of a cycloalkane differ from that of a straight-chain or branched-chain alkane?arrow_forward
- How many electron pairs are shared when a triple bond exists between two carbon atoms? What must he the geometric arrangement around the carbon atoms in a triple bond? Draw the Lewis structure of a simple molecule that contains a triple bond.arrow_forward4.2 What is an alkane?arrow_forwardAlcohols are very useful starting materials for the production of many different compounds. The following conversions, starting with 1-butanol, can be carried out in two or more steps. Show the steps (reactants/catalysts) you would follow to carry out the conversions, drawing the formula for the organic product in each step. For each step, a major product must be produced. (See Exercise 62.) (Hint: In the presence of H+, an alcohol is converted into an alkene and water. This is the exact reverse of the reaction of adding water to an alkene to form an alcohol.) a. 1-butanol butane b. 1-butanol 2-butanonearrow_forward
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