(a)
To prove the breath first search properties in an undirected graph.
(a)
Explanation of Solution
In the undirected graph, breath first search follow properties as:
Suppose in the undirected graph an edge ( u , v ) is consider as forward or back edge then vertex ‘ u’ should occur before vertex ‘ v’ and edges associated with ‘ u’ should be explore before any other edge in breath first search. Thus, the edge ( u , v ) can be considered as the tree edge because there is no forward and backward edge in undirected graph BFS traversal.
In the breath first search, an edge must be a tree if
Therefore for every tree edge ( u, v ) in breath first search,
If vertex ‘ u’ visit before vertex ‘ v’ , and edge ( u, v ) is cross edge. As the properties of tree edge and cross edge, vertex ‘ u’ visit before vertex ‘ v’ that means vertex ‘ v’ must be in the queue. Hence, from the given statement, it will follow the condition for the cross edge ( u, v ):
Therefore,
(b)
To prove the breath first search properties in the directed graph.
(b)
Explanation of Solution
Breath first search properties in the directed graph as follows:
An edge ( u, v ) is not the tree edge if the given graph G is directed. So, the graph will not contain the forward edge ( u, v ).
In the breath first search, an edge must be a tree if
If vertex ‘ u’ visit before vertex ‘ v’ , and edge ( u, v ) is cross edge. As the properties of tree edge and cross edge, vertex ‘ u’ visit before vertex ‘ v’ that means vertex ‘ v’ must be in the queue. Hence, from the given statement, it will follow the condition for the cross edge ( u, v ):
Therefore,
By seeing the above statements, it is clear for all vertices,
In the breath first search, back edge (u, v) where vertex ‘v’ is the ancestor of vertex ‘u’ and from the given vertices if the drawn edge is larger than the other. Hence,
Therefore, for every back edge (u, v),
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Chapter 22 Solutions
Introduction to Algorithms
- Given a graph that is a tree (connected and acyclic). (I) Pick any vertex v.(II) Compute the shortest path from v to every other vertex. Let w be the vertex with the largest shortest path distance.(III) Compute the shortest path from w to every other vertex. Let x be the vertex with the largest shortest path distance. Consider the path p from w to x. Which of the following are truea. p is the longest path in the graphb. p is the shortest path in the graphc. p can be calculated in time linear in the number of edges/verticesarrow_forwardGiven a graph that is a tree (connected and acyclic). (1) Pick any vertex v. (II) Compute the shortest path from v to every other vertex. Let w be the vertex with the largest shortest path distance. (III) Compute the shortest path from w to every other vertex. Let x be the vertex with the largest shortest path distance. Consider the path p from w to x. Which of the following are true a. p is the longest path in the graph b. p is the shortest path in the graph c. p can be calculated in time linear in the number of edges/vertices a,c a,b a,b,c b.carrow_forwardIn Computer Science a Graph is represented using an adjacency matrix. Ismatrix is a square matrix whose dimension is the total number of vertices.The following example shows the graphical representation of a graph with 5 vertices, its matrixof adjacency, degree of entry and exit of each vertex, that is, the total number ofarrows that enter or leave each vertex (verify in the image) and the loops of the graph, that issay the vertices that connect with themselvesTo program it, use Object Oriented Programming concepts (Classes, objects, attributes, methods), it can be in Java or in Python.-Declare a constant V with value 5-Declare a variable called Graph that is a VxV matrix of integers-Define a MENU procedure with the following textGRAPHS1. Create Graph2.Show Graph3. Adjacency between pairs4.Input degree5.Output degree6.Loops0.exit-Validate MENU so that it receives only valid options (from 0 to 6), otherwise send an error message and repeat the reading-Make the MENU call in the main…arrow_forward
- 3) The graph k-coloring problem is stated as follows: Given an undirected graph G= (V,E) with N vertices and M edges and an integer k. Assign to each vertex v in V a color c(v) such that 1arrow_forward3) The graph k-coloring problem is stated as follows: Given an undirected graph G = (V,E) with N vertices and M edges and an integer k. Assign to each vertex v in Va color c(v) such that 1< c(v)arrow_forwardIs it true or false? If it is true, include a (short, but clear) argument why it is true, and if it is false, include a concrete graph which shows that the claim is false.a) If all vertices in a connected graph have even degree, then for whichever two vertices u and v in the graph you choose, there is an Eulerian trail between u and v. b) Given a graph G we construct a new graph H by adding a new vertex v and edges between v and every vertex of G. If G is Hamiltonian, then so is H.c) We know that if a graph has a walk between u and v it also has a path between u and v, for any two vertices u and v. Is it always true that if a graph has a circuit containing u and v it also has a cycle containing u and v? d) The complete bipartite graph K?,?(lowered indicies) is Hamiltonian if and only if m = n ≥ 2.arrow_forward(1) T F Given a directed graph G and a vertex v in the graph, breath first search (BFS) can be used to detect if v is part of a cycle in the graph. (2) T F Let P be a shortest path from some vertex s to some other vertex t in a directed graph. If the weight of each edge in the graph is decreased by one, then P will still be a shortest path from s to t. (3) T F edge Kruskal's algorithm is always correct even in graphs with negative weights. (4) T F For any flow network, there is only one unique way to assign flow value to the edges so as to achieve the maximum flow for the network. NP problems are those problems that cannot be solved in polynomial (5) T F time.arrow_forwardBe G=(V, E)a connected graph and u, vEV. The distance Come in u and v, denoted by d(u, v), is the length of the shortest path between u'and v, Meanwhile he width from G, denoted as A(G), is the greatest distance between two of its vertices. a) Show that if A(G) 24 then A(G) <2. b) Show that if G has a cut vertex and A(G) = 2, then Ġhas a vertex with no neighbors.arrow_forwardA path of length two is denoted by P2. If a graph G does not contain P2 as induced subgraph, then: 1) All vertices must be adjacent to each other. 2) The graph must be connected. 3) There must be an edge between every pair of vertices. 4) Every vertex must have degree n-1, where n is the number of vertices in the graph.arrow_forwardAn undirected weighted graph G is given below Figure 16: An undirected weighted graph has 6 vertices, a through f, and 9 edges. Vertex d is on the left. Vertex f is above and to the right of vertex d. Vertex e is below and to the right of vertex f, but above vertex d. Vertex c is below and to the right of vertex e. Vertex a is above vertex e and to the right of vertex c. Vertex b is below and to the right of vertex a, but above vertex c. The edges between the vertices and their weight are as follows: d and f, 1; d and e, 4; f and e, 2; e and a, 2; f and a, 3; e and c, 5; c and a, 7; c and b, 5; and a and b, 6. (a) What is the minimum weight spanning tree for the weighted graph subject to the condition that edge {d, e} is in the spanning tree? (b) How would you generalize this idea? Suppose you are given a graph G and a particular edge {u, v} in the graph. How would you alter Prim’s algorithm to find the minimum spanning tree subject to the condition that {u, v} is in the tree?arrow_forward3. From the graph above determine the vertex sequence of the shortest path connecting the following pairs of vertex and give each length: a. V & W b. U & Y c. U & X d. S & V e. S & Z 4. For each pair of vertex in no. 3 give the vertex sequence of the longest path connecting them that repeat no edges. Is there a longest path connecting them?arrow_forwardLet V= {cities of Metro Manila} and E = {(x; y) | x and y are adjacent cities in Metro Manila.} (a) Draw the graph G defined by G = (V; E). You may use initials to name a vertex representing a city. (b) Apply the Four-Color Theorem to determine the chromatic number of the vertex coloring for G.arrow_forwardarrow_back_iosSEE MORE QUESTIONSarrow_forward_iosRecommended textbooks for you
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