Concept explainers
Interpretation: The correct definition of the codon should be determined.
Concept Introduction: Protein synthesis (translation) is a process of generating new protein sequences inside the cell. This process takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell. This process is balanced by the degradation or export of cellular proteins. It is constituted of three steps, initiation, elongation, and termination.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer: Option (c), three nucleotides encode an amino acid.
Explanation of Solution
Reason for correct option:
Option (c) is three nucleotides encode an amino acid. A codon is a set of three nucleotides, that codes for an amino acid. An amino acid can have more than one codon. Hence, this option is correct.
Reasons for incorrect options:
Option (a) is an alternative name for a gene. A codon is not an alternative name of the gene. It is a set of three nucleotides that encode an amino acid. Hence, this option is incorrect.
Option (b) is three amino acids that encode a
Option (d) is one of the three nucleotides that encode an amino acid. The group of all the three nucleotides encoding an amino acid is termed as the codon. Hence, this option is incorrect.
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Chapter 31 Solutions
Biochemistry
- AAAGAGAAAAGAAUA to AAAGAGAAAUGAAUA. Suppose the codon sequence has a single base pair mutation If the old protein sequence was Lys-Glu-Lys-Arg-Ile, what will be the new sequence encoded by the mutant gene? (Use the 3-letter amino acid abbreviations with hyphens and no spaces in between, i.e. Ser-Asn-Tyr-Leu-Pro.) Submit Answer Retry Entire Group No more group attempts remainarrow_forwardTranscription. Using strand 1 of the DNA molecule as a template, transcribe a messenger RNA molecule (a.k.a. mRNA transcript). Strand 1 3’ End TTG CTT CAC CTT GCG CGC CCG CGC TAA TTG 5’ end mRNAarrow_forwardFigure out the mutation. You will need the codon table to answer this question. Wild type DNA sequence at 5' end of the coding region and the corresponding wild type protein sequence of its amino end: ACA TAA ATG TCT CAG TAT GGG TAT GAG AAC GAC ATT CAC ATA ATT ... Met Ser Gln Tyr Gly Tyr Glu Asn Asp Ile His Ile Ile ... This protein sequence matches the DNA sequence exactly in the wild type. A mutant is found that has the following protein sequence: Met Ser Gln Tyr Gly Thr Phe Thr. What is the likely mutation? between T4 and A5, insert G between C13 and A14, insert C G9 -> del between G20 and G31 -> del T24 -> A T22 -> Garrow_forward
- . Some tRNAs can recognize more than one codon because there is a relaxation of the complementation rule of base pairing between the anticodon and codon in the third position (of the codon sequence). This relaxation is calledarrow_forwardnucleus. NLSS RXRs NESS are amino acid sequences that are recognized by importin, allowing proteins to enter the KDELSarrow_forwardAn extra piece. In one type of mutation leading to a form of thalassemia, the mutation of a single base (G to A) generates a new 3' 3' splice site (blue in the illustration below) akin to the normal one (yellow) but farther upstream. Normal 3' end of intron 5' CCTATTGGTCTATTITCCACCCITAGGCTGCTG 3' 5' CCTATTAGTCTAIIIICCACCCTTAGGCTGCTG 3' What is the amino acid sequence of the extra segment of protein synthesized in a thalassemic patient having a mutation leading to aberrant splicing? The reading frame after the splice site begins with TCT.arrow_forward
- Figure out the mutation. You will need the codon table for this question. WT genomic sequence of a really small gene and matching complete amino acid sequence of its gene product. GGT ATG GGG ACT TTG AGG ATG ATA AGG CGT AAA TAA ATAT Met Gly Thr Leu Arg Met Ile Arg Arg Lys A mutant is found that has the following protein sequence: Met Gly Thr Leu Arg Gly. What is the likely mutation? between T14 and G15, insert T. G7 -> del. T5 -> del. G29, T30, A31 -> del between T14 and G15, insert AA. A31 -> T. C11 -> delarrow_forwardGenome. Wide Association Studies: use chip-based array to correlate disease symptoms to SNPs use genomic sequencing technology to correlate disease symptoms to SNPs use small fragment DNA sequencing technology (e.g., Sanger Sequencing) to correlate disease symptoms to SNPs sequence exomes to identify SNPs involved in disease symptoms monitor protein translation to diagnose diseasearrow_forwardOpen reading frames... correspond to introns, which are not read by the ribosome during translation correspond to contiguous fragments of DNA sequence that do not contain a stop codon when read in a particular frame correspond to contiguous fragments of DNA sequence that do not contain a stop codon when read in any of six frames are often rich in acetylated histones which allow transcription occur when fragments of DNA sequence are highly similar between two species are recognized by ribosomes to initiate translationarrow_forward
- . The genetic code is thought to have evolved to maximize genetic stability by minimizing the effect on protein function of most substitution muta- tions (single-base changes). We will use the six arginine codons to test this idea. Consider all of the substitutions that could affect all of the six arginine codons. (a) How many total mutations are possible? (b) How many of these mutations are "silent," in the sense that the mutant codon is changed to another Arg codon? (c) How many of these mutations are conservative, in the sense that an Arg codon is changed to a functionally similar Lys codon?arrow_forwardNeed help:. Researchers add poly-(CGU) to an in vitro TL system. What poly-amino acids are produced? How would the researchers determine which codon encoded each of these amino acids? 5’CGUCGUCGUCGUCGUCGUCGUCGU...3’arrow_forwardminute). Since there are 61 sense codons (excluding stop codons), most cells contain 61 different types of tRNAS (one type of tRNA for each sense codon). O True O Falsearrow_forward
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