Life: The Science of Biology
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781319010164
Author: David E. Sadava, David M. Hillis, H. Craig Heller, Sally D. Hacker
Publisher: W. H. Freeman
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Chapter 41.2, Problem 1R
Summary Introduction
To review:
The innate defenses that take place when a pathogen lands on the skin.
Introduction:
Innate immune responses can be of two types. The first line of innate responses is the physical barriers, which the pathogen encounters like skin, mucous membranes, and chemicals. The second line of innate immune response is the cell-derived responses and include phagocytosis, complement system response, inflammation, and fever.
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1) According to the video, what is another name for the innate
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2) According to the video, what causes inflammation and what cells
cause it?
3) According to the video, what happens to neutrophils after they
consume a
pathogen?
4) According to the video, natural killer cells; what do they
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5) The adaptive/acquired immune system can tell the difference
between types of pathogens: true or false?
6) According to the video, helper t-
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7) According to the video, cytotoxic t cells
function:
8) According to the video, memory cells
function:
The process where antibody will cause microbes to be connected together so they can no longer cause infection is called:
excision
inactivation
coarctation
agglutination
The dead outer surface of skin (not mucous membranes) uses which of the following innate defenses to inhibit microbial growth? Choose all that apply.
Group of answer choices
Prion production
Interferon production
Low pH
Dryness
Chapter 41 Solutions
Life: The Science of Biology
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Similar questions
- Draw a figure illustrating the sequence of events in a typical inflammatory response to a bacterial infection caused by injury to the skin (in 3 main stages). Include a note at top of figure: Is this an example of an innate response or adaptive immune response? Include the following structures/cells/chemicals: epidermis, dermis, splinter contaminated with bacteria puncturing skin, macrophages, mast cells, neutrophils, nitric oxide (as blue dots), endothelial cells lining capillary, red blood cells within capillary, histamine (as green dots). Under each stage, describe the events occurring in the 3 main stages: Stage 1: What do mast cells and endothelial cells produce in initial response to injury? What do the chemicals produced by the cells do? Stage 2: What happens to capillaries? What leaks out of capillaries to enter the site of the wound? Stage 3: What do neutrophils and macrophages do? What happens to capillaries at this point?arrow_forwardPart of the complement system of defense is opsonization. This process Group of answer choices creates an acidic environment that prevents pathogen attachment coats the pathogen exterior so that it is recognized by the host's phagocytes. causes the pathogen to become trapped in mucus. causes holes to form in the pathogen's cell walls.arrow_forwardAn antibody binding to an antigen within the body can have which of the following outcomes that would help the host? Choose all that apply. Agglutination of the pathogen Opsonization of the pathogen Stimulating apoptosis of bacteria and viral particles Activation of complement proteinsarrow_forward
- What is meant by an opportunistic pathogen?arrow_forwardThe correct order of words to describe how innate immune response responds to a pathogen that has gotten by the physical and chemical barriers is: À) Skin, Saliva, Cytokines, Macrophage B)Macrophage, Cytokines, Neutrophil, Natural Killer Cell C) Neutrophil, Cytokines, Killer T Cell, Antibodies D) Antigen, Macrophage, B Cell, Killer T Cellarrow_forwardThe figure below shows antibodies bound to repetitive epitopes on the surface of a bacterial pathogen. Even though all of these epitopes are identical, not all of them have antibodies bound to them. The most likely explanation for this failure of antibodies to bind to every possible epitope on the surface of the pathogen is: There is an insufficient amount of antibody to saturate all the epitopes. The pathogen has an immune evasion strategy to avoid antibody binding to all epitopes. Some of the epitopes cannot bind antibody due to steric hindrance. The antibodies are only able to bind when both antigen-binding sites are engaged on the pathogen surface. The epitopes on the pathogen are not all in the same conformation, so not all will bind the same antibody.arrow_forward
- Describe the ways in which each of the following pathogens can disarm their host’s immune system or manipulate it to their own advantage:a. Pathogenic strains of Staphylococcusb. Enveloped virusesarrow_forwardName two cytokines that are thought to be involved in the inflammatory response to viruses (cite your source). Describe a component of the innate immune response to viral infection (name it and explain how it works. Be sure you are talking about something that protects you from viruses.)arrow_forwardPathogenic organisms cause damage to the host by a variety of mechanisms, depending on the category of the pathogen and its mode of replication in the host. Give an example of two different types of pathogens that are unlikely to be dealt with by the same mechanism of immune protection.arrow_forward
- Part of the complement system of defense is opsonization. This process A.) creates an acidic environment that prevents pathogen attachment B.) causes holes to form in the pathogen's cell walls. C.) coats the pathogen exterior so that it is recognized by the host's phagocytes. D.) causes the pathogen to become trapped in mucus.arrow_forwardList the body’s innate (nonspecific) defenses.arrow_forwardSelect the CORRECT alternatives about the complement system. The membrane attack complex is shaped like a needle to destroy the bacterial cell wall. The membrane attack complex has a pore shape. Opsonization is not part of the complement system and uses antibodies to attack viruses specifically. Opsonization uses antibodies to optimize phagocytosis.arrow_forward
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