Biological Science (7th Edition)
7th Edition
ISBN: 9780134678320
Author: Scott Freeman, Kim Quillin, Lizabeth Allison, Michael Black, Greg Podgorski, Emily Taylor, Jeff Carmichael
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 45, Problem 2TYK
Summary Introduction
Introduction:
The muscular contraction was explained by the sliding filament theory, which was proposed by Huxley and Hansen in 1954. Actin and myosin are the two types of proteins found in the muscle fiber. During contraction, the myosin molecules move along the actin molecules. This process requires the expenditure of energy, which is provided by phosphorylation of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) to ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
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The functions of tropomyosin in skeletal muscle include
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A. releasing calcium ions after initiation of contraction.
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B. generating ATP which it passes to the contractile mechanism.
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C. binding to myosin during contraction.
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D. acting as a relaxing protein at rest by covering up the sites where myosin binds to actin.
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E. sliding on actin to produce shortening.
What role (function) does calcium have within a muscle fiber?
a. trigger muscle potentials along t-tubules
b. trigger contraction by causing the formation of cross bridges
c. trigger exocytosis of ACh across the synaptic space
d. trigger action potentials along axons
e. open voltage gates within the sarcoplasmic reticulum
2. Which of the following are regulatory proteins that allow a muscle fiber to contract when calcium is present? (select all that apply)
dystrophin
troponin
myosin
tropomyosin
actin
3.
During this phase of an action potential, potassium ions exit the cell through voltage gated potassium channels.
a. depolarization
b. repolarization
c. glycolysis
d. cross bridge formation
When a skeletal muscle cell contracts and the muscle shortens,
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a. the position of an actin molecule relative to a myosin molecule does not change.
b. myosin heads generate a single power stroke.
c. the actin ATPase allows the actin molecule to swivel.
d. the actin molecule swivels during the power stroke
e. some myosin heads are forming crossbridges as others are releasing them.
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- Which of the following statements best describes the sliding filament mechanism of muscle contraction? a. Actin and myosin filaments do not shorten, but rather, slide past each other. b. Actin and myosin filaments shorten and slide past each other. c. As they slide past each other, actin filaments shorten, but myosin filaments do not shorten. d. As they slide past each other, myosin filaments shorten, but actin filaments do not shorten.arrow_forwardThe function of Ca2+ in skeletal muscle contraction is toa. cause an allosteric change in myosin so it detaches from actin.b. provide the energy necessary for the movement of the cross-bridge.c. expose the myosin-binding sites on the thin filaments.d. bind to tropomyosin.e. do a and c only.arrow_forwardWith regard to muscle contraction, which of the following is an INCORRECT statement with regard to the interactions of filaments that occur in the sarcomere? A. When muscles are relaxed tropomyosin blocks binding sites on actin subunits, which keeps cross-bridges from forming. B. The myosin heads conduct a power stroke motion to slide when bound to actin, to move the "thin" filaments towards the center of the sarcomere. C. During contraction, actin subunits are removed from the ends of the "thin" filaments to shorten actin polymers, thus reducing the length of the sarcomere. D. "Thick" filaments are anchored at the M-line, while "thin" filaments are anchored at the Z-line. E. Numerous myosin heads engage with the actin filaments simultaneously, such that there is no back-slipping during the contraction process.arrow_forward
- Put the following skeletal muscle contraction events in the order that they occur: a. The myosin head swivels toward the center of the sarcomere. b. Calcium ions are released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and bind to troponin. c. An action potential is propagated along the sarcolemma and transverse tubules. d. Myosin binds to actin, forming crossbridges. e. Myosin heads bind ATP molecules and release from actin. f. Tropomyosin molecules are moved off active sites on actin. g. ATPase splits ATP, providing the energy to reset the myosin head.arrow_forwardContraction of muscles requires binding of various components of muscle fiber. Which of the following rows correctly matches two components of muscle fibre that bind with each other? Â Row Component of muscle fibre Component of muscle fibre A. Ca2+ myosin B. troponin myosin C. troponin tropomyosin D. actin Ca2+arrow_forwardMuscle contraction is the result of critical steps characterized by conformational changes to protein structures in the supramolecule. Which of the following conformational changes requires energy, i.e. ATP hydrolysis? A. Binding of calcium to tropomyosin changing its conformation and exposing a binding site in troponin B. Binding of myosin to troponin resulting in the power stroke and cross-bridge cycle of muscle contraction. C. Disruption in the binding of the myosin head to troponin preceding its release and relaxation back to its activated form. D. Binding of ATP to the myosin head bound to troponin.arrow_forward
- Which of the following statements about the Ca2+ release channels in the sarcoplasmic reticulum is false? a.They are also called ryanodine receptors. b.They are one-tenth the size of the voltage-gated Ca 2+channels. c.They are opened by Ca2+release channels in the transverse tubules. d.They permit Ca 2+ to diffuse into the sarcoplasm from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.arrow_forwardThe sliding filament mechanism describes the process during which: a. actin and myosin slide relative to each other b. sarcomeres slide relative to each other c. troponin and tropomyosin slide relative to each other d. muscle fibers slide past each otherarrow_forwardWhich of the following describes a similarity between cardiac and smooth muscle cells?a. An action potential always precedes contraction.b. The majority of the Ca21 that activates contraction comes from theextracellular fluid.c. Action potentials are generated by slow waves.d. An extensive system of T-tubules is present.e. Ca21 release and contraction strengths are gradedarrow_forward
- In the presence of myosin cross-bridges are able to bind to complementary sites on the actin filaments, thereby forming the so-called actin-myosin complex. O a. Tropomyosin O b. Ca2+ O c. ATP O d. Troponin TOSHIBAarrow_forwardThe binding of calcium to troponin will directly cause A. the hydrolysis of ATP B. the binding of ATP to myosin C. the further release of calcium into the cytoplasm D. the movement of tropomyosin, thereby exposing the myosin-binding site on the actin molecule E. the movement of tropomyosin, thereby exposing the actin-binding site on the myosin molecule F. release of neurotransmitters from the axon terminals G. Both B and Farrow_forwardRigor mortis occurs following death because a. tropomyosin remains over the myosin binding sites of actin. b. myosin heads attach to actin and are not released due to lack of ATP. c. the myosin becomes misshapen. d. all of the Ca2+ remains within the sarcoplasmic reticulum.arrow_forward
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