Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation:
The
pH definition:
The concentration of hydrogen ion is measured using
The
On rearranging, the concentration of hydrogen ion
(a)
Answer to Problem 6D.1E
The
Explanation of Solution
Acetic acid is a weak acid when it is dissolved in water it ionized as positive and negative ions and it is given below.
The equilibrium expression for the above reaction is given below.
Initial concentration | 0.20 | 0 | 0 |
Change in concentration | -x | +x | +x |
Equilibrium concentration | 0.20-x | x | x |
The equilibrium concentration values are obtained in the above table and is substituted in above equation and is given below.
Acetic acid
The above equation, assume that the x present in 0.20-x is very small than 0.20 then it can be negligible and as follows,
Now, the
Therefore, the calculated
The general equilibrium expression to find out the pOH of the solution is given below,
Therefore, the calculated
The percentage deprotonation is calculated using the concentration of hydronium ion divided by the initial concentration of lactic acid and the respective equation is given below.
Concentration of
Initial concentration of
Substitute the obtained values in above equation
Therefore, the percentage deprotonation of 0.20 M aqueous acetic acid is 0.95%
(b)
Interpretation:
The
Concept introduction:
Refer to part (a).
(b)
Answer to Problem 6D.1E
The
Explanation of Solution
Trichloroacetic acid is a strong acid when it is dissolved in water it ionized as positive and negative ions and it is given below.
The equilibrium expression for the above reaction is given below.
Initial concentration | 0.20 | 0 | 0 |
Change in concentration | -x | +x | +x |
Equilibrium concentration | 0.20-x | x | x |
The equilibrium concentration values are obtained in the above table and is substituted in above equation and is given below.
Trichloroacetic acid
The above equation, assume that the x present in 0.20-x is very small than 0.20 then it can be negligible and as follows,
Now, the
Therefore, the calculated
The general equilibrium expression to find out the pOH of the solution is given below,
Therefore, the calculated
The percentage deprotonation is calculated using the concentration of hydronium ion divided by the initial concentration of lactic acid and the respective equation is given below.
Concentration of
Initial concentration of
Substitute the obtained values in above equation
Therefore, the percentage deprotonation of 0.20 M aqueous trichloroacetic acid is 122.5%
(c)
Interpretation:
The
Concept introduction:
Refer to part (a).
(c)
Answer to Problem 6D.1E
The
Explanation of Solution
Formic acid is a weak acid when it is dissolved in water it ionized as positive and negative ions and it is given below.
The equilibrium expression for the above reaction is given below.
Initial concentration | 0.20 | 0 | 0 |
Change in concentration | -x | +x | +x |
Equilibrium concentration | 0.20-x | x | x |
The equilibrium concentration values are obtained in the above table and is substituted in above equation and is given below.
Formic acid
The above equation, assume that the x present in 0.20-x is very small than 0.20 then it can be negligible and as follows,
Now, the
Therefore, the calculated
The general equilibrium expression to find out the pOH of the solution is given below,
Therefore, the calculated
The percentage deprotonation is calculated using the concentration of hydronium ion divided by the initial concentration of lactic acid and the respective equation is given below.
Concentration of
Initial concentration of
Substitute the obtained values in above equation
Therefore, the percentage deprotonation of 0.20 M aqueous formic acid is 3.0%
(d)
Interpretation:
The
Concept introduction:
Electronegativity:
The electronegativity is a chemical property; it is measured by an atom attract the bonding pair of electrons towards itself.
(d)
Answer to Problem 6D.1E
The more electronegative groups present in the molecular structure makes the solution more acidic. Based on the molecular structure the increasing order of pH is given here, (b)<(c)<(a).
Explanation of Solution
pH of the solution is depending on the atoms or group attached to the carboxyl group. Here, three different groups attached with carboxyl group such as
Based on the molecular structure increasing order of pH is given below.
(b)< (c) < (a)
Want to see more full solutions like this?
Chapter 6 Solutions
Chemical Principles: The Quest for Insight
- Actually, the carbon in CO2(g) is thermodynamically unstable with respect to the carbon in calcium carbonate(limestone). Verify this by determining the standardGibbs free energy change for the reaction of lime,CaO(s), with CO2(g) to make CaCO3(s).arrow_forwardAt 298 K, the solubility product constant for solid Ba(IO3)2 is 1.5 109. Use the standard reduction potential of Ba2+(aq) to find the standard potential for the half-reaction Ba(IO3)2(s)+2eBa(s)+2IO3(aq)arrow_forwardWhen carbon dioxide dissolves in water it reacts to produce carbonic acid, H2CO3(aq), which can ionize in two steps. H2CO3(aq)HCO3(aq)+H+(aq)Kc1=4.2107HCO3(aq)CO32(aq)+H+(aq)Kc2=4.81011 Calculate the equilibrium constant for the reaction H2CO3(aq)CO32(aq)+2H+(aq)arrow_forward
- An aqueous solution of an unknown salt of gold is electrolyzed by a current of 2.75 amps for 3.39 hours. The electroplating is carried out with an efficiency of 93.0%, resulting in a deposit of 21.221 g of gold. a How many faradays are required to deposit the gold? b What is the charge on the gold ions (based on your calculations)?arrow_forwardCalculate the equilibrium constant at 25 C for the reaction 2 Ag+(aq) + Hg() 2 Ag(s) + Hg2+(aq)arrow_forwardHow is the pH scale defined? What range of pH values corresponds to acidic solutions? What range corresponds to basic solutions? Why is pH = 7.00 considered neutral? When the pH of a solution changes by one unit, by what factor does the hydrogen ion concentration change in the solution? How is pOH defined? How arc pH and pOH for a given solution related? Explain.arrow_forward
- Calculate the standard cell potential of the following cell at 25C. Sn(s)Sn2+(aq)I2(aq)I(aq)arrow_forwardComplete each of these reactions by filling in the blanks. Predict whether each reaction is product-favored or reactant-favored, and explain your reasoning. (a) _________ (aq) + Br(aq) NH3(aq) + HBr(aq) (b) CH3COOH(aq) + CN(aq) ________ (aq) + HCN(aq) (c) ________ (aq)+H2O () NH3(aq) + OH(aq)arrow_forwardElectrolysis of an aqueous solution of sodium chloride produces chlorine, Cl2 (g). The reaction that occurs at the anode is 2C1 (ag) + Cla (9) + 2e- A constant electric current produces 137 g Cla in 46.2 min from an aqueous solution of sodium chloride. What is the current? Current = Aarrow_forward
- Estimate the pH and percentage of dissociation of 0.010 M CH3CH(OH)COOH(aq) (lactic acid). pKa of lactic acid is 3.86.arrow_forwardThe cell potential of the following electrochemical cell is determined by using an unspecified concentration of acid. Calculate the pH of the acid solution, given that the measured cell potential is –0.431 V and the anode reduction potential (E°) is 0.222 V at 25 °C. Ag(s) | AgCl(s) | Cl−(aq, 1.0 M) || H+(aq) | H2(g, 1.0 atm) | Pt(s)arrow_forward5 ml of a 0.2 M NH3 solution are added to 5 ml of a 0.1 M NH4Cl solution (Kb for NH3 is = 1.8 × 10-5). Calculate: a) the pH of the resulting solution; b) the ΔpH due to the addition of 5 ml of a 0.01 M HNO3 solution to the solution resulting from part a); c) the ΔpH due to the addition of 10 ml of water to the solution resulting from part a)arrow_forward
- Chemistry & Chemical ReactivityChemistryISBN:9781337399074Author:John C. Kotz, Paul M. Treichel, John Townsend, David TreichelPublisher:Cengage LearningChemistry: The Molecular ScienceChemistryISBN:9781285199047Author:John W. Moore, Conrad L. StanitskiPublisher:Cengage LearningIntroductory Chemistry: A FoundationChemistryISBN:9781337399425Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCostePublisher:Cengage Learning
- Chemistry: Principles and PracticeChemistryISBN:9780534420123Author:Daniel L. Reger, Scott R. Goode, David W. Ball, Edward MercerPublisher:Cengage LearningChemistryChemistryISBN:9781305957404Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCostePublisher:Cengage LearningPrinciples of Modern ChemistryChemistryISBN:9781305079113Author:David W. Oxtoby, H. Pat Gillis, Laurie J. ButlerPublisher:Cengage Learning