Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation:
The hybridization and approximate bond angle for each carbon atoms in
Concept Introduction:
Hybridization is the mixing of valence atomic orbitals to get equivalent hybridized orbitals that having similar characteristics and energy.
Geometry of different types of molecule with respect to the hybridizations are mentioned are mentioned below,
Bond angle is the angle between two bonds of a molecule and it is determined based on the electron-domain geometry.
(a)
Explanation of Solution
Given molecule is
The Lewis electron dot structure for alanine is given below:
.
Consider the first carbon. There will be four electron regions in the molecule and hence the electron-region geometry will be tetrahedral. For a molecule having tetrahedral geometry, the hybridization will be
Consider the second carbon. There will be four electron regions in the molecule and hence the electron-region geometry will be tetrahedral. For a molecule having tetrahedral geometry, the hybridization will be
Consider the third carbon. There will be two electron regions in the molecule and hence the electron-region geometry will be linear. For a molecule having linear geometry, the hybridization will be
Consider the fourth carbon atom. There will be two electron regions in the molecule and hence the electron-region geometry will be linear. For a molecule having linear geometry, the hybridization will be
(b)
Interpretation:
The shortest carbon-to-carbon bond length in molecule has to be identified.
Concept Introduction:
Bond length is the distance between the nuclei in a bond and it is related to the sum of the covalent radii at the bonded atoms.
Higher the bond order, shorter will be the bond length.
(b)
Explanation of Solution
Given molecule is
The Lewis electron dot structure for alanine is given below:
.
In the given molecule, the triple bond is present between
(c)
Interpretation:
The strongest carbon-to-carbon bond length in molecule has to be identified.
Concept Introduction:
Comparing triple bond, double bond and single bond, the bond with higher energy is the triple bond.
(c)
Explanation of Solution
Given molecule is
The Lewis electron dot structure for alanine is given below:
.
In the given molecule, the triple bond is present between
The strength of a triple bond is more than the single bond.
Thus, the strongest carbon-to-carbon bond is between
Want to see more full solutions like this?
Chapter 7 Solutions
Chemistry: The Molecular Science
- Ethylene, C₂H₄, and tetrafluoroethylene, C₂F₄, are used tomake the polymers polyethylene and polytetrafluoroethylene(Teflon), respectively.(a) Draw the Lewis structures for C₂H₄ and C₂F₄, and give theideal H-C-H and F-C-F bond angles.(b) The actual H-C-H and F-C-F bond angles are 117.4and 112.4, respectively. Explain these deviations.arrow_forwardThe structural formulas for ethanol, CH3CH2OH, and propene, CH;CH=CH,2, are нн H Н—С—С—0—н H-C-C=C-H нн H H H Ethanol Propene (a) Complete the Lewis structure for each molecule showing all valence electrons. (b) Using the VSEPR model, predict all bond angles in each molecule.arrow_forwardThe connectivity of carbon oxysulfide is OCS. (a) Write a Lewis formula for carbon oxysulfide that satisfies the octet rule. (b) What is the molecular geometry according to VSEPR? (c) Does carbon oxysulfide have a dipole moment? If so, what is its direction?arrow_forward
- (a) Determine the formal charge of oxygen in the following structure. If the atom is formally neutral, indicate a charge of zero. (b) Draw an alternative Lewis (resonance) structure for the compound given in part (a). Show the unshared pairs and nonzero formal charges in your structure. Don't use radicals. Formal charge on O 0arrow_forwardThe partial Lewis structure that follows is for a hydrocarbonmolecule. In the full Lewis structure, each carbon atomsatisfies the octet rule, and there are no unshared electronpairs in the molecule. The carbon—carbon bondsare labeled 1, 2, and 3. (a) How many hydrogen atomsare in the molecule? (b) Rank the carbon–carbonbonds in order of increasing bond length. (c) Whichcarbon—carbon bond is the strongest one?arrow_forwardThe partial Lewis structure that follows is for a hydrocarbonmolecule. In the full Lewis structure, each carbon atomsatisfies the octet rule, and there are no unshared electronpairs in the molecule. The carbon—carbon bondsare labeled 1, 2, and 3. (a) How many hydrogen atomsare in the molecule? (b) Rank the carbon–carbonbonds in order of increasing bond length. (c) Whichcarbon—carbon bond is the strongest one? [Sections 8.3and 8.8]arrow_forward
- Draw the shapes of the following molecules and ions in 3-dimension. Show clearly any lone pairs of electrons on the central atom, state the number of bond pairs and lone pairs of electrons on the central atom and name the shape of the molecule or ion. (a) SiCI4, silicon tetrachloride (b) PBr3, phosphorus tribromide (c) CI2O, dichlorine oxide Provide everything stated in the instructions for each compound.arrow_forwardOxalic acid, H2C2O4, a poisonous colorless solid, is found in some vegetables such as spinach and rhubarb. It is present in concentrations well below the toxic limit, so you can't use this as a reason to refuse a helping of spinach. The order of atoms in a molecule of oxalic acid is HO2CCO2H. (a) How many unshared pairs of electrons are on each of the carbon atoms? (b) How many unshared pairs of electrons are on each of the oxygen atoms?arrow_forwardFor each of the following covalent bonds: (a) use the symbols δ+ and δ- to indicate the direction of polarity (if any).(a) C-F; (b) N-Br; (c) B-C; (d) Si-H(b) Rank the following covalent bonds in order of increasing polarity. (i) C-H, O-H, N-H; (ii) C-N, C-O, B-O; (iii) C-P, C-S, C-Narrow_forward
- Formaldehyde, CH2O, is used as an embalming agent. Draw the structure of CH2O, including lone pairs.arrow_forwarda) Draw the Lewis structure of H3PO4. b) In H3PO4, one P-O bond has a different bond length than the other three. Would it be shorter or longer than the others? Justify your answer.arrow_forwardChange ethane into 1,2-ethanediol (HOCH2CH2OH) by removing one hydrogen atom from each carbon atom and replacing with a hydroxide (-OH) group. Draw a Lewis structure for 1,2-ethanediol.arrow_forward
- Chemistry: The Molecular ScienceChemistryISBN:9781285199047Author:John W. Moore, Conrad L. StanitskiPublisher:Cengage LearningIntroductory Chemistry: An Active Learning Approa...ChemistryISBN:9781305079250Author:Mark S. Cracolice, Ed PetersPublisher:Cengage Learning