Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation: The change that occurs to the rate of an
Concept introduction: The replacement or substitution of one
(b)
Interpretation: The change that occurs to the rate of an
Concept introduction: The replacement or substitution of one functional group with another different functional group in any chemical reaction is termed as substitution reaction. The electron rich chemical species that contains negative charge or lone pair of electrons are known as a nucleophile. In a nucleophilic substitution reaction, nucleophile takes the position of leaving group by attacking the electron deficient carbon atom.
(c)
Interpretation: The change that occurs to the rate of an
Concept introduction: The replacement or substitution of one functional group with another different functional group in any chemical reaction is termed as substitution reaction. The electron rich chemical species that contains negative charge or lone pair of electrons are known as a nucleophile. In a nucleophilic substitution reaction, nucleophile takes the position of leaving group by attacking the electron deficient carbon atom.
(d)
Interpretation: The change that occurs to the rate of an
Concept introduction: The replacement or substitution of one functional group with another different functional group in any chemical reaction is termed as substitution reaction. The electron rich chemical species that contains negative charge or lone pair of electrons are known as a nucleophile. In a nucleophilic substitution reaction, nucleophile takes the position of leaving group by attacking the electron deficient carbon atom.
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solutionChapter 7 Solutions
Organic Chemistry (6th Edition)
- Draw an energy diagram for each reaction. Label the axes, the starting material, product, transition state, ΔH°, and Ea. a. a concerted reaction with ΔH° = –80 kJ/mol and Ea = 16 kJ/mol b. a two-step reaction, A → B → C, in which the relative energy of the compounds is A < C < B, and the step A → B is rate-determiningarrow_forwardLabel each statement as true or false. Correct any false statement to make it true. a. Increasing temperature increases reaction rate. b. If a reaction is fast, it has a large rate constant. c. A fast reaction has a large negative ΔG° value. d. When Ea is large, the rate constant k is also large. e. Fast reactions have equilibrium constants > 1. f. Increasing the concentration of a reactant always increases the rate of a reaction.arrow_forward9. Nitrogen dioxide undergoes a synthesis reaction with fluorine. The proposed mechanism is shown below: i. H2 + ICI → HI + HCI (slow) ii. HI + ICI – 1 + HCI (fast) Which step is the rate limiting step? a. b. What is/are the reactive intermediate(s) in this reaction?. c. Using the information in this question, sketch the energy potential diagram for this exothermic reaction. d. How would you expect your energy potential diagram would change if a catalyst were added? Explain. You may find it helpful to show part of your answer on your energy potential diagram from part C. e. If step 2 was the slow step, how would any one of your previous answers change?arrow_forward
- 5- Does SN2 occur in one step while SN1 occurs in three steps?arrow_forwardQUESTION 11 While examining radical halogenation reactions, we saw that different "reaction pathways" lead to the formation of different products. How does the difference in energy between the activation barriers of rate-determining steps (AAGI) for these pathways affect the selectivity of the reactions and the products that are produced? O A. The bigger the difference in energy between activation barriers results in a more selective reaction. The reaction is relatively "clean" and mostly produces one product. O B. The bigger the difference in energy between activation barriers results in a less selective reaction. The reaction is "messy" and produces a more equivalent mixture of products. O C. The smaller the difference in energy between activation barriers results in a less selective reaction. The reaction is relatively "clean" and mostly produces one product. O D. The smaller the difference in energy between activation barriers results in a more selective reaction. The reaction is…arrow_forwardConsider the following energy diagram. a.How many steps are involved in this reaction? b. Label ΔHo and Ea for each step, and label ΔHooverall. c.Label each transition state. d.Which point on the graph corresponds to a reactive intermediate? e.Which step is rate-determining? f. Is the overall reaction endothermic or exothermic?arrow_forward
- Assume the reaction: CH3CH=CHCOONa + H2 + Ni ----> ??? a. Determine the correct rate law expression based on the elementary reaction. b. Draw the structure of the transition state. c. Draw the reaction coordinate diagrams for: the reaction with the catalyst and the reaction without the catalyst, but adjacent graphs. (Assume that the reaction is exothermic and has 1 transition state.) d. Does heat increase the rate of the forward reaction in the given? Why or why not?arrow_forwardThe following reaction has only one elementary step. Which of the following statements is false? CI + O Product X is ClF. O The chlorine-containing reactant is the electrophile. O The reactant's nitrogen atom has two lone pairs of electrons. O This is an addition reaction. O The electron flow is described by two curved arrows.arrow_forwardConsider the following two-step reaction: a.How many bonds are broken and formed in Step [1]? Would you predict the ΔHo of Step [1] to be positive or negative? b.How many bonds are broken and formed in Step [2]? Would you predict the ΔHo of Step [2] to be positive or negative? c.Which step is rate-determining? d.Draw the structure for the transition state in both steps of the mechanism. e.If ΔHooverall is negative for this two-step reaction, draw an energy diagram illustrating all of the information in parts (a)–(d).arrow_forward
- Below you will find twelve (12) reaction products (labeled product 1, product 2, etc.), but you will only find five (5) reaction schemes. Your job is to match the reaction scheme with the correct product. Simply fill in the blank with the product number (i.e. 1, 2, 3, etc.). Then, answer any additional questions regarding the reaction scheme(s). Br OH x OMe Product 2 Product 3 Product 4 CH3 x Product 6 Product 10 x Product 1 CO₂H Product 5 Product 7 OMe Product 11 Product 12 Product 9 1. Mgº (metal) a. 2. CO₂ (s) HBr H₂O₂ 3. H3O+ i. What is the regiochemistry of the first reaction? ii. What is the name of the first step of the second reaction? (Hint: he won the 1912 Nobel Prize for this reaction). OMe Br Product 8 CO₂H Brarrow_forwardLabel each statement as true or false. Correct any false statement to make it true.a. Increasing temperature increases reaction rate.b. If a reaction is fast, it has a large rate constant.c. A fast reaction has a large negative ?G° value.d. When Ea is large, the rate constant k is also large.e. Fast reactions have equilibrium constants > 1.f. Increasing the concentration of a reactant always increases the rate of a reaction.arrow_forward3. Determine Kc of the overall reaction, given: Step 1: 2 CO₂ (g) + H₂O (g) → 2 0₂ (9) Step 2: CO2 (g) + 2 H₂O (g) ← CH4 (g) Overall reaction: CH4 (g) + CO2 (g) → + + reversed CH2CO (g) Kc = 15.6 2 O₂ (g) Kc = 0.323 CH2CO (g) + H₂O (g) 2 1516 Kc = ?arrow_forward
- Living By Chemistry: First Edition TextbookChemistryISBN:9781559539418Author:Angelica StacyPublisher:MAC HIGHER