Concept explainers
To explain: The reasons how the human microbiome regulates the mucosal surfaces environment and protects from pathogens.
Introduction: A complex hetero system of microbes such as bacteria,
Explanation of Solution
The skin and mucous membranes are the first line of defense as they are the initial sites of the microbial invasions. The mucous membranes and the intact epithelia in the skin provide chemical and mechanical barriers that prevent the access of microbes into the body tissues. The pathogens breaching the mucous membranes are initially detected by the mononuclear phagocyte system cells that are produced by the bone marrow. Also, the specialized antibody-secreting cells are located in the mucous membranes. These cells produce antibodies of immunoglobulin class A (IgA). These antibodies bind the antigens produced by the microbes on to the mucosal surface and thereby prevent the deep entry of microbes into the tissues.
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Chapter 8 Solutions
Pathophysiology
- Is the human microbiome the key to our health? Explain briefly.arrow_forwardWhat are the genetic and molecular features that differ between pathogens and members of the normal human microbiota?arrow_forwardOur environment contains masses of microorganisms, many of which reside as commensal organisms on our body’s mucosal and epithelial surfaces without causing disease. What two features distinguish a pathogenic microbe from these commensal microbes?arrow_forward
- Pathogenic infections induce damage to the host by a variety of mechanisms. While many mechanisms are direct effects of the pathogen, some damaging mechanisms result from the immune response to the infection. Examples of damage caused by the host immune response are: a) Exotoxin production, endotoxin b) Cell-mediated inmunity, direct cytopathic effect c) Endotoxin, inmmunune complexes d) Direct cythopathic effect, endotoxin e) Cell-mediated inmunity, inmmunune complexesarrow_forwardWhat adaptations enable pathogenic bacteria to enter the body and cause disease?arrow_forwardAre normal microbiota beneficial to their host? Why?arrow_forward
- What is a microbiome? What is the human microbiome and how is it important to human health? What do we know about the human microbiome in general? Provide a general introduction to these topics and make sure to emphasize the importance of the microbiome.arrow_forwardWhat does our microbiome do?arrow_forwardThe human microbiome is an integral part of human health. Unfortunately, the microbiomes of Americans are reduced in species diversity relative to those of people in other countries, especially those living in non-Western countries. Give examples of three beneficial functions that the human gut microbiome provides to us, the host and what are three potential causes of the reduced gut microbiomes of Americans? Part II: What are three potential consequences of the reduced gut microbiomes of Americans?arrow_forward
- Endotoxin is associated witha) Gram-positive bacteria.b) Gram-negative bacteria.c) the cytoplasmic membrane.d) endospores.arrow_forwardWe are outnumbered by the bacteria in our colon. Why don't they typically make us sick? a) They don't have enough food resources to thrive. Ob) The pH of the colon is too acidic. c) They do not prefer the environment of our intestine. d) The competition between microbes limits their pathogenicity (microbial antagonism).arrow_forwardWhich of the following cells predominate at the sites of chronic bacterial infections? b) Macrophages c) B cells D) Basophils e) Mast cellsarrow_forward
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