Concept explainers
Predict the valence electron molecular orbital configurations for the following, and state whether they will be stable or unstable ions.
(a) Na,2+
(b) Mg,2
(c) AI,2
(d) Si,2
(e) p2+
(f) s,2
(g) F,2
(h) Ar,2
40. Predict the valence electron molecular orbital configurations for the following, and state whether they will be stable or unstable ions.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
Trending nowThis is a popular solution!
Chapter 8 Solutions
Chemistry by OpenStax (2015-05-04)
Additional Science Textbook Solutions
College Physics
General Chemistry: Principles and Modern Applications (11th Edition)
Chemistry: A Molecular Approach (4th Edition)
Chemistry: Structure and Properties
Chemistry: The Central Science (14th Edition)
Chemistry: A Molecular Approach
- In each of the following molecules, a central atom is surrounded by a total of three atoms or unshared electron pairs: SnCl2, BCl3, SO2. In which of these molecules would you expect the bond angle to be less than 120? Explain your reasoning.arrow_forwardIt is possible to write a simple Lewis structure for the SO42- ion, involving only single bonds, which follows the octet rule. However, Linus Pauling and others have suggested an alternative structure, involving double bonds, in which the sulfur atom is surrounded by six electron pairs. (a) Draw the two Lewis structures. (b) What geometries are predicted for the two structures? (c) What is the hybridization of sulfur in each case? (d) What are the formal charges of the atoms in the two structures?arrow_forwardThe cations O2+ and N2+ are formed when molecules of O2 and N2 are subjected to intense, high-energy solar radiation in Earths upper atmosphere. Write the electron configuration for O2+. Predict its bond order and magnetic behavior.arrow_forward
- What are the relationships among bond order, bond energy, and bond length? Which of these quantities can be measured?arrow_forward(a) The nitric oxide molecule, NO, readily loses one electronto form the NO+ ion. Which of the following is the best explanationof why this happens: (i) Oxygen is more electronegativethan nitrogen, (ii) The highest energy electron inNO lies in a p2*p molecular orbital, or (iii) The p2*p MO in NOis completely filled. (b) Predict the order of the N¬O bondstrengths in NO, NO+, and NO-, and describe the magneticproperties of each. (c) With what neutral homonuclear diatomicmolecules are the NO+ and NO- ions isoelectronic(same number of electrons)?arrow_forward1. Draw the Lewis structures for each of the following ions or molecules. For each, give (i) the molecular shape, (ii) the electron pair geometry at the central atom, and (iii) the hybridization of the central atom. (a) POF3 (b) XeO₂F3+ (c) BrCl₂ (d) N3 (the central atom is N; two other N's are bonded to it) (e) PF3arrow_forward
- (a) The nitric oxide molecule, NO, readily loses one electronto form the NO+ ion. Which of the following is the best explanationof why this happens: (i) Oxygen is more electronegativethan nitrogen, (ii) The highest energy electron inNO lies in a π*2p molecular orbital, or (iii) The π*2pMO in NOis completely filled. (b) Predict the order of the N¬O bondstrengths in NO, NO+, and NO-, and describe the magneticproperties of each. (c) With what neutral homonuclear diatomicmolecules are the NO+ and NO- ions isoelectronic(same number of electrons)?arrow_forwardA useful solvent that will dissolve salts as well as organic compounds is the compound acetonitrile, H3CCN. It is present in paint strippers.(a) Write the Lewis structure for acetonitrile, and indicate the direction of the dipole moment in the molecule.(b) Identify the hybrid orbitals used by the carbon atoms in the molecule to form σ bonds.(c) Describe the atomic orbitals that form the π bonds in the molecule. Note that it is not necessary to hybridize the nitrogen atom.arrow_forwardIf an electron is removed from a fluorine molecule, an F+2molecular ion forms.(a) Give the molecular electron configurations for F2 and F+2 (for the MOs constructed from valence AOs).(b) Give the bond order of each species.(c) Predict which species should be paramagnetic.(d) Predict which species has the greater bond dissociation energy.arrow_forward
- The lactic acid molecule, CH3CH(OH)COOH, gives sourmilk its unpleasant, sour taste. (a) Draw the Lewis structurefor the molecule, assuming that carbon always forms fourbonds in its stable compounds. (b) How many π and howmany σ bonds are in the molecule? (c) Which CO bond isshortest in the molecule? (d) What is the hybridization ofatomic orbitals around the carbon atom associated withthat short bond? (e) What are the approximate bond anglesaround each carbon atom in the molecule?arrow_forwardNitrogen trifluoride (NF3) is used in the electronics industry to clean surfaces. NF3 is also a potent greenhouse gas. (A) Draw the Lewis structure of NF3 and determine its molecular geometry. (B) BF3 and NF3 both have three covalently bonded fluorine atoms around a central atom. Do they have the same dipole moment? (C) Could BF3 also behave as a greenhouse gas? Explain why or why not.arrow_forwardButadiene, C4H6, is a planar molecule that has the followingcarbon–carbon bond lengths: (a) Predict the bond angles around each of the carbon atoms and sketch the molecule. (b) From left to right, what is the hybridization of each carbon atom in butadiene? (c) The middle C—C bond length in butadiene (1.48 Å) is a little shorter than the average C—C single bond length (1.54 Å). Does this imply that the middle C—C bond in butadiene is weaker or stronger than the average C—C single bond? (d) Based on your answer for part (c), discuss what additional aspects of bonding in butadiene might support the shorter middle C—C bond.arrow_forward
- Chemistry & Chemical ReactivityChemistryISBN:9781337399074Author:John C. Kotz, Paul M. Treichel, John Townsend, David TreichelPublisher:Cengage LearningChemistry: Principles and ReactionsChemistryISBN:9781305079373Author:William L. Masterton, Cecile N. HurleyPublisher:Cengage LearningChemistry: The Molecular ScienceChemistryISBN:9781285199047Author:John W. Moore, Conrad L. StanitskiPublisher:Cengage Learning
- ChemistryChemistryISBN:9781305957404Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCostePublisher:Cengage LearningChemistry: An Atoms First ApproachChemistryISBN:9781305079243Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. ZumdahlPublisher:Cengage Learning