Introductory Statistics
3rd Edition
ISBN: 9780135188927
Author: Gould, Robert, Ryan, Colleen N. (colleen Nooter)
Publisher: Pearson,
expand_more
expand_more
format_list_bulleted
Concept explainers
Videos
Textbook Question
Chapter 1, Problem 51SE
Does Fish Oil Lower Asthma Risk? The New England Journal of Medicine reported on a study of fish oil consumption in pregnant mothers and the subsequent development of asthma in their children. Read the excerpts from the abstract and answer the questions that follow: (Source: Bisgaard et al., “Fish oil-derived fatty acids in pregnancy and wheeze and asthma in offspring,”
New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 375 [December 2016]: 2530-2539, doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1503734
Methods: We randomly assigned 736 pregnant women at 24 weeks of gestation to receive fish oil or a placebo (olive oil) daily. Neither the investigators nor the participants were aware of group assignments during followup for the first 3 years of the children’s lives, after which there was a 2year followup period during which only the investigators were unaware of group assignments.
Results: A total of 695 children were included in the trial, and 95.5% completed the 3year, doubleblind followup period. The risk of persistent wheeze or asthma in the treatment group was 16.9%, versus 23.7% in the control group, corresponding to a relative reduction of 30.7%
a. Was this a controlled experiment or an observational study? Explain how you know.
b. Assuming the study was properly conducted, can we conclude that the lower rate of asthma was caused by the mother’s consumption of fish oil?
Expert Solution & Answer
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solution
Students have asked these similar questions
Hepatitis B and Pancreatic Cancer. The article “Study Links Hepatitis B and Cancer of Pancreas” by D. Grady, appeared in the September 29, 2008 issue of the NewYork Times. It reported that, for the first time, a study showed that people with pancreatic cancer are more likely than those without the disease to have been infected with the hepatitis B virus. The study by M. Hassan et al., titled “Association Between Hepatitis B Virus and Pancreatic Cancer” (Journal of Clinical Oncology, Vol. 26, No. 28, pp. 4557–4562) compared 476 people who had pancreatic cancer with 879 healthy control subjects. All were tested to see whether they had ever been infected with the viruses that cause hepatitis B or hepatitis C. The results were that no connection was found to hepatitis C, but the cancer patients were twice as likely as the healthy subjects to have had hepatitis B. The researchers noted, however, that “. . . while the study showed an association, it did not prove cause and effect. More work…
Early-Onset Dementia. Dementia is the loss of the intellectual and social abilities severe enough to interfere with judgment, behavior, and daily functioning. Alzheimer’s disease is the most common type of dementia. In the article “Living with Early Onset Dementia: Exploring the Experience and Developing Evidence- Based Guidelines for Practice” (Alzheimer’s Care Quarterly, Vol. 5, Issue 2, pp. 111–122), P. Harris and J. Keady explored the experience and struggles of people diagnosed with dementia and their families. A hypothesis test is to be performed to decide whether the mean age at diagnosis of all people with early-onset dementia is less than 55 years old.
a. determine the null hypothesis.
b. determine the alternative hypothesis.
c. classify the hypothesis test as two tailed, left tailed, or right tailed.
NCI Cancer Bulletin, December 2, 2008 Volume 5 / Number 24
Title of the article: After Menopause, Weight Affects Breast Cancer Rates More than Mammography Use
Women who are overweight or obese after menopause face an increased risk of breast cancer, but a large prospective cohort study indicates that the frequency of mammography use and screening accuracy are not the primary explanations for higher rates of breast cancer in these women. The same is true of large, invasive breast cancer tumors and advanced stage disease; risk increases with weight, but higher rates are not explained by the frequency or accuracy of screening mammography before breast cancer was diagnosed. The study appears in the December 3 Journal of the National Cancer Institute.
Dr. Karla Kerlikowske of the San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and colleagues gathered data on 287,115 postmenopausal women who were registered in the Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium database. Reflecting a trend in the…
Chapter 1 Solutions
Introductory Statistics
Ch. 1 - The data in Table 1A were collected from one of...Ch. 1 - The data in Table 1A were collected from one of...Ch. 1 - The data in Table 1A were collected from one of...Ch. 1 - The data in Table 1A were collected from one of...Ch. 1 - The data in Table 1A were collected from one of...Ch. 1 - The data in Table 1A were collected from one of...Ch. 1 - The data in Table 1A were collected from one of...Ch. 1 - Coding Suppose you decided to code living...Ch. 1 - The data in Table 1A were collected from one of...Ch. 1 - Coding Students who have accumulated fewer than 30...
Ch. 1 - Facebook Wall Posts (Example 2) A student shared...Ch. 1 - Age of Marriage A student did a survey on the age...Ch. 1 - Snacks Emmanuel, a student at a Los Angeles high...Ch. 1 - Movies A sample of students were questioned to...Ch. 1 - Use the data in Table 1A to answer questions 1.15...Ch. 1 - Use the data in Table 1A to answer questions 1.15...Ch. 1 - Use the data in Table 1A to answer questions 1.15...Ch. 1 - Use the data in Table 1A to answer questions 1.15...Ch. 1 - Investigating Data (Example 4) A data set on Shark...Ch. 1 - Investigating Data Suppose a surfer wanted to...Ch. 1 - Hands (Example 5) A survey was done of men’s and...Ch. 1 - Hands-Biased A survey was done of men’s and...Ch. 1 - Finding and Using Percentages a. A statistics...Ch. 1 - Finding and Using Percentages a. A hospital...Ch. 1 - Women Find the frequency, proportion, and...Ch. 1 - Brown-Haired People Find the frequency,...Ch. 1 - Two-Way Table from Data Make a two-way table from...Ch. 1 - Two-Way Table from Data Make a two-way table from...Ch. 1 - Occupation Growth (Example 6) The 2017 World...Ch. 1 - Chocolate Sales The 2017 World Almanac and Book of...Ch. 1 - Incarceration Rates (Example 7) The table gives...Ch. 1 - Population Density The accompanying table gives...Ch. 1 - Health Insurance The accompanying table gives the...Ch. 1 - Cable TV Subscriptions The accompanying table...Ch. 1 - Percentage of Elderly The projected U.S....Ch. 1 - Marriage and Divorce The marriage and divorce...Ch. 1 - Course Enrollment Rates Two sections of statistics...Ch. 1 - Prob. 38SECh. 1 - For Exercises 1.39 through 1.44, indicate whether...Ch. 1 - For Exercises 1.39 through 1.44, indicate whether...Ch. 1 - For Exercises 1.39 through 1.44, indicate whether...Ch. 1 - For Exercises 1.39 through 1.44, indicate whether...Ch. 1 - For Exercises 1.39 through 1.44, indicate whether...Ch. 1 - For Exercises 1.39 through 1.44, indicate whether...Ch. 1 - Vitamin C and Cancer The blog NHS Choices...Ch. 1 - Aloe Vera You can find many testimonials on the...Ch. 1 - Effects of Tutoring on Math Grades (Example 8) A...Ch. 1 - Treating Depression A doctor who believes strongly...Ch. 1 - Try Exercise and Language Learning (Example 9) In...Ch. 1 - Pneumonia Vaccine for Young Children A study...Ch. 1 - Does Fish Oil Lower Asthma Risk? The New England...Ch. 1 - Association between Glycemic Load and Acne? An...Ch. 1 - Milk and Cartilage (Example 10) Cartilage is a...Ch. 1 - Autism and MMR Vaccine An article by Wakefield et...Ch. 1 - Prob. 55SECh. 1 - Effect of Confederates on Compliance A study was...Ch. 1 - A Salad a Day Keeps Stroke Away? The Harvard Heart...Ch. 1 - Does Drinking Sugary Beverages Lead to Dementia?...Ch. 1 - Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Young Children...Ch. 1 - Prob. 60CRECh. 1 - Speeding Tickets College students who were drivers...Ch. 1 - Prob. 62CRECh. 1 - Writing: Vitamin D Describe the design of a...Ch. 1 - Writing: Strokes People who have had strokes are...Ch. 1 - Yoga and High-Risk Adolescents Can mindful yoga...Ch. 1 - Neurofeedback and ADHD Some studies have indicated...Ch. 1 - Virtual Reality and Fall Risk A study was...Ch. 1 - Ear Infections Babies 6 to 23 months of age with...Ch. 1 - Effects of Light Exposure A study carried out by...Ch. 1 - Scared Straight The idea of sending delinquents to...
Additional Math Textbook Solutions
Find more solutions based on key concepts
The manufacturer of a nationally distributed brand of potato chips wants to determine the feasibility of changi...
Basic Business Statistics, Student Value Edition (13th Edition)
the type of variable is the response.
Stats: Modeling the World Nasta Edition Grades 9-12
Medication Usage In a survey of 3005 adults aged 57 through 85 years, it was found that 82% of them used at lea...
Statistical Reasoning for Everyday Life (5th Edition)
Compare and contrast the nonscientific methods for knowing or acquiring knowledge (tenacity, intuition, authori...
Research Methods for the Behavioral Sciences (MindTap Course List)
Fill in the blank: The probability that a fair coin lands heads is 0.5. Therefore, we can be sure that if we to...
Elementary Statistics ( 3rd International Edition ) Isbn:9781260092561
Empirical versus Theoretical A Monopoly player claims that the probability of getting a 4 when rolling a six-si...
Introductory Statistics (2nd Edition)
Knowledge Booster
Learn more about
Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, statistics and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- NCI Cancer Bulletin, December 2, 2008 Volume 5 / Number 24 Title of the article: After Menopause, Weight Affects Breast Cancer Rates More than Mammography Use Women who are overweight or obese after menopause face an increased risk of breast cancer, but a large prospective cohort study indicates that the frequency of mammography use and screening accuracy are not the primary explanations for higher rates of breast cancer in these women. The same is true of large, invasive breast cancer tumors and advanced stage disease; risk increases with weight, but higher rates are not explained by the frequency or accuracy of screening mammography before breast cancer was diagnosed. The study appears in the December 3 Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Dr. Karla Kerlikowske of the San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and colleagues gathered data on 287,115 postmenopausal women who were registered in the Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium database. Reflecting a trend in the…arrow_forwardNCI Cancer Bulletin, December 2, 2008 Volume 5 / Number 24 Title of the article: After Menopause, Weight Affects Breast Cancer Rates More than Mammography Use Women who are overweight or obese after menopause face an increased risk of breast cancer, but a large prospective cohort study indicates that the frequency of mammography use and screening accuracy are not the primary explanations for higher rates of breast cancer in these women. The same is true of large, invasive breast cancer tumors and advanced stage disease; risk increases with weight, but higher rates are not explained by the frequency or accuracy of screening mammography before breast cancer was diagnosed. The study appears in the December 3 Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Dr. Karla Kerlikowske of the San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and colleagues gathered data on 287,115 postmenopausal women who were registered in the Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium database. Reflecting a trend in the…arrow_forwardNCI Cancer Bulletin, December 2, 2008 Volume 5 / Number 24 Title of the article: After Menopause, Weight Affects Breast Cancer Rates More than Mammography Use Women who are overweight or obese after menopause face an increased risk of breast cancer, but a large prospective cohort study indicates that the frequency of mammography use and screening accuracy are not the primary explanations for higher rates of breast cancer in these women. The same is true of large, invasive breast cancer tumors and advanced stage disease; risk increases with weight, but higher rates are not explained by the frequency or accuracy of screening mammography before breast cancer was diagnosed. The study appears in the December 3 Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Dr. Karla Kerlikowske of the San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and colleagues gathered data on 287,115 postmenopausal women who were registered in the Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium database. Reflecting a trend in the…arrow_forward
- Angioplasty is a medical procedure in which an obstructed blood vessel is widened. In some cases, a wire mesh tube, called a stent, is placed in the vessel to help it remain open. The article “Long-term Outcomes of Patients Receiving Drug-eluting Stents” (A. Philpott, D. Southern, et al., Canadian Medical Association Journal, 2009:167–174) presents the results of a study comparing the effectiveness of a bare metal stent with one that that has been coated with a drug designed to prevent reblocking of the vessel. A total of 5320 patients received bare metal stents, and of these, 841 needed treatment for reblocking within a year. A total of 1120 received drug coated stents, and 134 of them required treatment within a year. a) Find a 98% confidence interval for the differences between the proportions for drug coated stents and bare metal stents. b) Suppose that additional patients are to be treated in order to increase the precision of the confidence interval. Three sampling plans are…arrow_forwardDexamethasone and IQ. In the paper “Outcomes at School Age After Postnatal Dexamethasone Therapy for Lung Disease of Prematurity” (New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 350, No. 13, pp. 1304–1313), T. Yeh et al. studied the outcomes at school age in children who had participated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of early postnatal dexamethasone therapy for the prevention of chronic lung disease of prematurity. One result reported in the study was that, at school age, the control group of 74 children had an average IQ score of 84.4, whereas the dexamethasone group of 72 children had an average IQ score of 78. a. experimental units. b. response variable. c. factor(s). d. levels of each factor. e. treatments.arrow_forwardDexamethasone and IQ. In the paper “Outcomes at School Age After Postnatal Dexamethasone Therapy for Lung Disease of Prematurity” (New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 350, No. 13, pp. 1304–1313), T. Yeh et al. studied the outcomes at school age in children who had participated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of early postnatal dexamethasone therapy for the prevention of chronic lung disease of prematurity. All of the infants in the study had had severe respiratory distress syndrome requiring mechanical ventilation shortly after birth. On the WeissStats site, we provide the school-age IQs of the 74 children in the control group, based on the study results. Use the technology of your choice to do the following. a. Obtain a normal probability plot, boxplot, histogram, and stemand-leaf diagram of the data. b. Based on your results from part (a), can you reasonably apply one-standard-deviation χ2-procedures to the data? Explain your reasoning. c. Overall, IQs of school-age…arrow_forward
- Immunization of Schoolchildren. In the article, “Reasons for Non-uptake of Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Catch Up Immunisation in a Measles Epidemic and Side Effects of the Vaccine” (British Medical Journal, Vol. 310, pp. 1629–1632), R. Roberts et al. discussed a follow-up survey to examine why almost 10,000 children, ages 11–15, whose records showed no previous immunization were not immunized. In the survey, 10 of the 46 schools participating in the immunization campaign were randomly chosen and then the parents of all the nonimmunized children at the 10 selected schools were sent a questionnaire. What type of sampling design was used by these authors in their survey? Explain your answer.arrow_forwardIn a study published in Preventive Medicine (1991), researchers observed that women who underwent hormone replacement therapy (HRT) showed a lower risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). (a) What are the observational units? does HRT lower risk of CHD? risk of CHD women whether underwent CRT (b) Which of the following is the explanatory variable? whether underwent CRT women does HRT lower risk of CHD? risk of CHD (c) Which of the following is the response variable? does HRT lower risk of CHD? risk of CHD women whether underwent CRTarrow_forward30. Northwest Atlantic Cod. Researchers M. Kroll et al. studied the influence of paternity on rates of mortality and development in eggs and larvae of Northwest Atlantic cod in the article, “Paternal Ef- fects on Early Life History Traits in Northwest Atlantic Cod, Gadus morhua" (Journal of Applied Ichthyology, Vol. 29, Issue 3, pp. 623– 629). A sample of adult male Northwest Atlantic cod was collected in Nova Scotia, Canada. The following table gives the lengths, in cen- timeters (cm), of the cod sampled. 47.6 65.1 54.6 48.5 58.6 67.9 48.1 62.5 52.4 55.4 57.1 55.8 a. Using Table III in Appendix A, construct a normal probability plot of the given data. b. Use part (a) to identify any outliers. c. Use part (a) to assess the normality of the variable under consid- eration.arrow_forward
- Height and Breast Cancer. In the article “Height and Weight at Various Ages and Risk of Breast Cancer” (Annals of Epidemiology, Vol. 2, pp. 597–609), L. Brinton and C. Swanson discussed the relationship between height and breast cancer. The study, sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, took 5 years and involved more than 1500 women with breast cancer and 2000 women without breast cancer; it revealed a trend between height and breast cancer: “. . . taller women have a 50 to 80 percent greater risk of getting breast cancer than women who are closer to 5 feet tall.” Christine Swanson, a nutritionist who was involved with the study, added, “. . . height may be associated with the culprit, . . . but no one really knows” the exact relationship between height and the risk of breast cancer. a. Classify this study as either an observational study or a designed experiment. Explain your answer. b. Interpret the statement made by Christine Swanson in light of your answer to part (a).arrow_forwardYou are conducting a study to analyze gender differences in neurocognitive impairment (NCI) within a sample of cocaine-dependent methadone-maintained patients. You found 3 demographic characteristics that produced significant effects on NCI. They are gender, race, and age. Please answer both parts a and b. a) What statistical analysis would you use to see simultaneously the contributions of socio-demographic variables (gender (male/female), race (White, Black, Latino, Asian), and age (in years) on self-reported NCI, a normal continuous outcome (higher scores indicate higher NCI)? b) How many independent variables will there be in your model? Describe (1) what they are, (2) how you would create them, and (3) interpretation for each coefficient.arrow_forwardA study is being conducted on the effect of gas price on the number of miles driven in a given month. Residents in two cities, one on the East Coast and one on the West Coast, are randomly selected and asked to complete a questionnaire on the type of car they drive, the number of miles they live from work, the number of children under 18 in their household, their monthly income, and the number of miles they have driven over the past 30 days. (a) List the response variable(s) and the type of measurement scale (nominal/ordinal/interval/ratio) associated with each response variable. (b) Also, state whether this study is an experimental or observational study? Explain in brief the reason for your answer.arrow_forward
arrow_back_ios
SEE MORE QUESTIONS
arrow_forward_ios
Recommended textbooks for you
Big Ideas Math A Bridge To Success Algebra 1: Stu...AlgebraISBN:9781680331141Author:HOUGHTON MIFFLIN HARCOURTPublisher:Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
Big Ideas Math A Bridge To Success Algebra 1: Stu...
Algebra
ISBN:9781680331141
Author:HOUGHTON MIFFLIN HARCOURT
Publisher:Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
Statistics 4.1 Point Estimators; Author: Dr. Jack L. Jackson II;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2MrI0J8XCEE;License: Standard YouTube License, CC-BY
Statistics 101: Point Estimators; Author: Brandon Foltz;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4v41z3HwLaM;License: Standard YouTube License, CC-BY
Central limit theorem; Author: 365 Data Science;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b5xQmk9veZ4;License: Standard YouTube License, CC-BY
Point Estimate Definition & Example; Author: Prof. Essa;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OTVwtvQmSn0;License: Standard Youtube License
Point Estimation; Author: Vamsidhar Ambatipudi;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=flqhlM2bZWc;License: Standard Youtube License