a) Interpretation: Starting from benzene or toluene and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, how 2-bromo-4-nitrotoluene can be synthesized is to be stated. Concept introduction: In aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions halogens and methyl group are ortho and para directing groups while the nitro group is a meta directing group. Hence to prepare 2-bromo-4-nitrotoluene, toluene has to be halogenated and the chlorotoluene obtained should be nitrated. Electrophilic substitution of di and trisubstituted benzenes follows three simple rules. (i) If the directing influence of both the substituents reinforce each other, a single product results. (ii) If the directing influences of both the substituent groups oppose each other, the most powerful activating group among them has the dominant influence but usually a mixture of products results. (iii) In meta disubstituted compounds, further substitution in between the groups occurs only rarely, due to steric reasons. To state: Starting from benzene or toluene and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, how 2-bromo-4-nitrotoluene can be synthesized.

Question

Describe how would you distinguish the following pairs, (a) Benzene and cyclohexane (b) Phenol and toluene (c) Phenol and benzoic acid (d) methanol and isopropyl alcohol

Answer 1

Question

Chapter 16.SE, Problem 57AP

Interpretation Introduction

a)

Interpretation:

Starting from benzene or toluene and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, how 2-bromo-4-nitrotoluene can be synthesized is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions halogens and methyl group are ortho and para directing groups while the nitro group is a meta directing group. Hence to prepare 2-bromo-4-nitrotoluene, toluene has to be halogenated and the chlorotoluene obtained should be nitrated.

Electrophilic substitution of di and trisubstituted benzenes follows three simple rules. (i) If the directing influence of both the substituents reinforce each other, a single product results. (ii) If the directing influences of both the substituent groups oppose each other, the most powerful activating group among them has the dominant influence but usually a mixture of products results. (iii) In meta disubstituted compounds, further substitution in between the groups occurs only rarely, due to steric reasons.

To state:

Starting from benzene or toluene and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, how 2-bromo-4-nitrotoluene can be synthesized.

Interpretation Introduction

b)

Interpretation:

Starting from benzene or toluene and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, how 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene can be synthesized is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions the nitro group is a meta directing group. Nitration of benzene gives nitrobenzene. Further nitration of nitrobenzene will introduce nitro groups into the two meta positions to yield the trinitro compound.

To state:

Starting from benzene or toluene and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, how 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene can be synthesized.

Interpretation Introduction

c)

Interpretation:

Starting from benzene or toluene and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, how 2,4,6-tribromoaniline can be synthesized is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions, the amino group is an ortho and para directing group. Nitration of benzene gives nitrobenzene. Nitrobenzene can be reduced to aminobenzene (aniline). Aniline upon bromoination will yield 2,4,6-tribromoaniline.

To state:

Starting from benzene or toluene and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, how 2,4,6-tribromoaniline can be synthesized.

Interpretation Introduction

d)

Interpretation:

Starting from benzene or toluene and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, how m-fluorobenzoic acid can be synthesized is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions the carboxylic acid group is a meta directing group. Hence to prepare m- fluorobenzoic acid, benzene should be first converted into benzoicacid. Direct fluorination of aromatic rings is not possible as fluorine is too reactive and it is not possible to stop the reaction at the monofluorinated stage. Fluorination is normally carried out using F-TEDA-BF₄ which has a fluorine atom bonded to positively charged nitrogen.

To state:

Starting from benzene or toluene and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, how m-fluorobenzoic acid can be synthesized.

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Describe how would you distinguish the following pairs, (a) Benzene and cyclohexane (b) Phenol and toluene (c) Phenol and benzoic acid (d) methanol and isopropyl alcohol

Biphenyl has the following structure.(a) Is biphenyl a (fused) polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon?(b) How many pi electrons are there in the two aromatic rings of biphenyl? How does this number compare with that for naphthalene?(c) The heat of hydrogenation for biphenyl is about 418 kJ>mol (100 kcal>mol). Calculate theresonance energy of biphenyl.(d) Compare the resonance energy of biphenyl with that of naphthalene and with that of two benzene rings. Explain thedifference in the resonance energies of naphthalene and biphenyl.

Describe how would you distinguish the following pairs, (a) Benzene and cyclohexane (b) Phenol and toluene (c) Phenol and benzoic acid

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 16.SE, Problem 57AP

Interpretation Introduction

a)

Interpretation:

Starting from benzene or toluene and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, how 2-bromo-4-nitrotoluene can be synthesized is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions halogens and methyl group are ortho and para directing groups while the nitro group is a meta directing group. Hence to prepare 2-bromo-4-nitrotoluene, toluene has to be halogenated and the chlorotoluene obtained should be nitrated.

Electrophilic substitution of di and trisubstituted benzenes follows three simple rules. (i) If the directing influence of both the substituents reinforce each other, a single product results. (ii) If the directing influences of both the substituent groups oppose each other, the most powerful activating group among them has the dominant influence but usually a mixture of products results. (iii) In meta disubstituted compounds, further substitution in between the groups occurs only rarely, due to steric reasons.

To state:

Starting from benzene or toluene and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, how 2-bromo-4-nitrotoluene can be synthesized.

Interpretation Introduction

b)

Interpretation:

Starting from benzene or toluene and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, how 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene can be synthesized is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions the nitro group is a meta directing group. Nitration of benzene gives nitrobenzene. Further nitration of nitrobenzene will introduce nitro groups into the two meta positions to yield the trinitro compound.

To state:

Starting from benzene or toluene and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, how 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene can be synthesized.

Interpretation Introduction

c)

Interpretation:

Starting from benzene or toluene and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, how 2,4,6-tribromoaniline can be synthesized is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions, the amino group is an ortho and para directing group. Nitration of benzene gives nitrobenzene. Nitrobenzene can be reduced to aminobenzene (aniline). Aniline upon bromoination will yield 2,4,6-tribromoaniline.

To state:

Starting from benzene or toluene and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, how 2,4,6-tribromoaniline can be synthesized.

Interpretation Introduction

d)

Interpretation:

Starting from benzene or toluene and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, how m-fluorobenzoic acid can be synthesized is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions the carboxylic acid group is a meta directing group. Hence to prepare m- fluorobenzoic acid, benzene should be first converted into benzoicacid. Direct fluorination of aromatic rings is not possible as fluorine is too reactive and it is not possible to stop the reaction at the monofluorinated stage. Fluorination is normally carried out using F-TEDA-BF₄ which has a fluorine atom bonded to positively charged nitrogen.

To state:

Starting from benzene or toluene and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, how m-fluorobenzoic acid can be synthesized.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 16.SE, Problem 57AP

Interpretation Introduction

a)

Interpretation:

Starting from benzene or toluene and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, how 2-bromo-4-nitrotoluene can be synthesized is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions halogens and methyl group are ortho and para directing groups while the nitro group is a meta directing group. Hence to prepare 2-bromo-4-nitrotoluene, toluene has to be halogenated and the chlorotoluene obtained should be nitrated.

Electrophilic substitution of di and trisubstituted benzenes follows three simple rules. (i) If the directing influence of both the substituents reinforce each other, a single product results. (ii) If the directing influences of both the substituent groups oppose each other, the most powerful activating group among them has the dominant influence but usually a mixture of products results. (iii) In meta disubstituted compounds, further substitution in between the groups occurs only rarely, due to steric reasons.

To state:

Starting from benzene or toluene and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, how 2-bromo-4-nitrotoluene can be synthesized.

Interpretation Introduction

b)

Interpretation:

Starting from benzene or toluene and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, how 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene can be synthesized is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions the nitro group is a meta directing group. Nitration of benzene gives nitrobenzene. Further nitration of nitrobenzene will introduce nitro groups into the two meta positions to yield the trinitro compound.

To state:

Starting from benzene or toluene and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, how 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene can be synthesized.

Interpretation Introduction

c)

Interpretation:

Starting from benzene or toluene and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, how 2,4,6-tribromoaniline can be synthesized is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions, the amino group is an ortho and para directing group. Nitration of benzene gives nitrobenzene. Nitrobenzene can be reduced to aminobenzene (aniline). Aniline upon bromoination will yield 2,4,6-tribromoaniline.

To state:

Starting from benzene or toluene and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, how 2,4,6-tribromoaniline can be synthesized.

Interpretation Introduction

d)

Interpretation:

Starting from benzene or toluene and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, how m-fluorobenzoic acid can be synthesized is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions the carboxylic acid group is a meta directing group. Hence to prepare m- fluorobenzoic acid, benzene should be first converted into benzoicacid. Direct fluorination of aromatic rings is not possible as fluorine is too reactive and it is not possible to stop the reaction at the monofluorinated stage. Fluorination is normally carried out using F-TEDA-BF₄ which has a fluorine atom bonded to positively charged nitrogen.

To state:

Starting from benzene or toluene and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, how m-fluorobenzoic acid can be synthesized.

Expert Solution & Answer

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 16.SE, Problem 57AP

Interpretation Introduction

a)

Interpretation:

Starting from benzene or toluene and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, how 2-bromo-4-nitrotoluene can be synthesized is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions halogens and methyl group are ortho and para directing groups while the nitro group is a meta directing group. Hence to prepare 2-bromo-4-nitrotoluene, toluene has to be halogenated and the chlorotoluene obtained should be nitrated.

Electrophilic substitution of di and trisubstituted benzenes follows three simple rules. (i) If the directing influence of both the substituents reinforce each other, a single product results. (ii) If the directing influences of both the substituent groups oppose each other, the most powerful activating group among them has the dominant influence but usually a mixture of products results. (iii) In meta disubstituted compounds, further substitution in between the groups occurs only rarely, due to steric reasons.

To state:

Starting from benzene or toluene and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, how 2-bromo-4-nitrotoluene can be synthesized.

Interpretation Introduction

b)

Interpretation:

Starting from benzene or toluene and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, how 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene can be synthesized is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions the nitro group is a meta directing group. Nitration of benzene gives nitrobenzene. Further nitration of nitrobenzene will introduce nitro groups into the two meta positions to yield the trinitro compound.

To state:

Starting from benzene or toluene and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, how 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene can be synthesized.

Interpretation Introduction

c)

Interpretation:

Starting from benzene or toluene and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, how 2,4,6-tribromoaniline can be synthesized is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions, the amino group is an ortho and para directing group. Nitration of benzene gives nitrobenzene. Nitrobenzene can be reduced to aminobenzene (aniline). Aniline upon bromoination will yield 2,4,6-tribromoaniline.

To state:

Starting from benzene or toluene and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, how 2,4,6-tribromoaniline can be synthesized.

Interpretation Introduction

d)

Interpretation:

Starting from benzene or toluene and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, how m-fluorobenzoic acid can be synthesized is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions the carboxylic acid group is a meta directing group. Hence to prepare m- fluorobenzoic acid, benzene should be first converted into benzoicacid. Direct fluorination of aromatic rings is not possible as fluorine is too reactive and it is not possible to stop the reaction at the monofluorinated stage. Fluorination is normally carried out using F-TEDA-BF₄ which has a fluorine atom bonded to positively charged nitrogen.

To state:

Starting from benzene or toluene and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, how m-fluorobenzoic acid can be synthesized.

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Answer 5

Chapter 16.SE, Problem 57AP

Interpretation Introduction

a)

Interpretation:

Starting from benzene or toluene and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, how 2-bromo-4-nitrotoluene can be synthesized is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions halogens and methyl group are ortho and para directing groups while the nitro group is a meta directing group. Hence to prepare 2-bromo-4-nitrotoluene, toluene has to be halogenated and the chlorotoluene obtained should be nitrated.

Electrophilic substitution of di and trisubstituted benzenes follows three simple rules. (i) If the directing influence of both the substituents reinforce each other, a single product results. (ii) If the directing influences of both the substituent groups oppose each other, the most powerful activating group among them has the dominant influence but usually a mixture of products results. (iii) In meta disubstituted compounds, further substitution in between the groups occurs only rarely, due to steric reasons.

To state:

Starting from benzene or toluene and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, how 2-bromo-4-nitrotoluene can be synthesized.

Interpretation Introduction

b)

Interpretation:

Starting from benzene or toluene and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, how 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene can be synthesized is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions the nitro group is a meta directing group. Nitration of benzene gives nitrobenzene. Further nitration of nitrobenzene will introduce nitro groups into the two meta positions to yield the trinitro compound.

To state:

Starting from benzene or toluene and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, how 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene can be synthesized.

Interpretation Introduction

c)

Interpretation:

Starting from benzene or toluene and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, how 2,4,6-tribromoaniline can be synthesized is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions, the amino group is an ortho and para directing group. Nitration of benzene gives nitrobenzene. Nitrobenzene can be reduced to aminobenzene (aniline). Aniline upon bromoination will yield 2,4,6-tribromoaniline.

To state:

Starting from benzene or toluene and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, how 2,4,6-tribromoaniline can be synthesized.

Interpretation Introduction

d)

Interpretation:

Starting from benzene or toluene and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, how m-fluorobenzoic acid can be synthesized is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions the carboxylic acid group is a meta directing group. Hence to prepare m- fluorobenzoic acid, benzene should be first converted into benzoicacid. Direct fluorination of aromatic rings is not possible as fluorine is too reactive and it is not possible to stop the reaction at the monofluorinated stage. Fluorination is normally carried out using F-TEDA-BF₄ which has a fluorine atom bonded to positively charged nitrogen.

To state:

Starting from benzene or toluene and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, how m-fluorobenzoic acid can be synthesized.

Answer 6

Chapter 16.SE, Problem 57AP

Interpretation Introduction

a)

Interpretation:

Starting from benzene or toluene and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, how 2-bromo-4-nitrotoluene can be synthesized is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions halogens and methyl group are ortho and para directing groups while the nitro group is a meta directing group. Hence to prepare 2-bromo-4-nitrotoluene, toluene has to be halogenated and the chlorotoluene obtained should be nitrated.

Electrophilic substitution of di and trisubstituted benzenes follows three simple rules. (i) If the directing influence of both the substituents reinforce each other, a single product results. (ii) If the directing influences of both the substituent groups oppose each other, the most powerful activating group among them has the dominant influence but usually a mixture of products results. (iii) In meta disubstituted compounds, further substitution in between the groups occurs only rarely, due to steric reasons.

To state:

Starting from benzene or toluene and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, how 2-bromo-4-nitrotoluene can be synthesized.

Answer 7

Chapter 16.SE, Problem 57AP

Interpretation Introduction

a)

Interpretation:

Starting from benzene or toluene and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, how 2-bromo-4-nitrotoluene can be synthesized is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions halogens and methyl group are ortho and para directing groups while the nitro group is a meta directing group. Hence to prepare 2-bromo-4-nitrotoluene, toluene has to be halogenated and the chlorotoluene obtained should be nitrated.

Electrophilic substitution of di and trisubstituted benzenes follows three simple rules. (i) If the directing influence of both the substituents reinforce each other, a single product results. (ii) If the directing influences of both the substituent groups oppose each other, the most powerful activating group among them has the dominant influence but usually a mixture of products results. (iii) In meta disubstituted compounds, further substitution in between the groups occurs only rarely, due to steric reasons.

To state:

Starting from benzene or toluene and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, how 2-bromo-4-nitrotoluene can be synthesized.

Answer 8

Interpretation Introduction

b)

Interpretation:

Starting from benzene or toluene and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, how 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene can be synthesized is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions the nitro group is a meta directing group. Nitration of benzene gives nitrobenzene. Further nitration of nitrobenzene will introduce nitro groups into the two meta positions to yield the trinitro compound.

To state:

Starting from benzene or toluene and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, how 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene can be synthesized.

Answer 9

Interpretation Introduction

b)

Interpretation:

Starting from benzene or toluene and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, how 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene can be synthesized is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions the nitro group is a meta directing group. Nitration of benzene gives nitrobenzene. Further nitration of nitrobenzene will introduce nitro groups into the two meta positions to yield the trinitro compound.

To state:

Starting from benzene or toluene and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, how 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene can be synthesized.

Answer 10

Interpretation Introduction

c)

Interpretation:

Starting from benzene or toluene and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, how 2,4,6-tribromoaniline can be synthesized is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions, the amino group is an ortho and para directing group. Nitration of benzene gives nitrobenzene. Nitrobenzene can be reduced to aminobenzene (aniline). Aniline upon bromoination will yield 2,4,6-tribromoaniline.

To state:

Starting from benzene or toluene and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, how 2,4,6-tribromoaniline can be synthesized.

Answer 11

Interpretation Introduction

c)

Interpretation:

Starting from benzene or toluene and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, how 2,4,6-tribromoaniline can be synthesized is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions, the amino group is an ortho and para directing group. Nitration of benzene gives nitrobenzene. Nitrobenzene can be reduced to aminobenzene (aniline). Aniline upon bromoination will yield 2,4,6-tribromoaniline.

To state:

Starting from benzene or toluene and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, how 2,4,6-tribromoaniline can be synthesized.

Answer 12

Interpretation Introduction

d)

Interpretation:

Starting from benzene or toluene and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, how m-fluorobenzoic acid can be synthesized is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions the carboxylic acid group is a meta directing group. Hence to prepare m- fluorobenzoic acid, benzene should be first converted into benzoicacid. Direct fluorination of aromatic rings is not possible as fluorine is too reactive and it is not possible to stop the reaction at the monofluorinated stage. Fluorination is normally carried out using F-TEDA-BF₄ which has a fluorine atom bonded to positively charged nitrogen.

To state:

Starting from benzene or toluene and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, how m-fluorobenzoic acid can be synthesized.

Answer 13

Interpretation Introduction

d)

Interpretation:

Starting from benzene or toluene and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, how m-fluorobenzoic acid can be synthesized is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions the carboxylic acid group is a meta directing group. Hence to prepare m- fluorobenzoic acid, benzene should be first converted into benzoicacid. Direct fluorination of aromatic rings is not possible as fluorine is too reactive and it is not possible to stop the reaction at the monofluorinated stage. Fluorination is normally carried out using F-TEDA-BF₄ which has a fluorine atom bonded to positively charged nitrogen.

To state:

Starting from benzene or toluene and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, how m-fluorobenzoic acid can be synthesized.

Answer 14

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Answer 15

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Answer 16

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Answer 25

Ch. 16.1 - Prob. 1P Ch. 16.2 - Propose a mechanism for the electrophilic...Ch. 16.2 - How many products might be formed on chlorination...Ch. 16.2 - When benzene is treated with D2SÅª4. deuterium...Ch. 16.3 - Prob. 5P Ch. 16.3 - What is the major monosubstitution product from...Ch. 16.3 - Identify the carboxylic acid chloride that might...Ch. 16.4 - Rank the compounds in each of the following groups...Ch. 16.4 - Predict the major products of the following...Ch. 16.4 - Prob. 10P

Solution Summary: The author explains how 2-bromo-4-nitrotoluene can be synthesized by nitrating benzine, methyl group, and nitro group.

Chapter 16 Solutions