Chapter 4, Problem 3CTQ

a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Percentage of $\text{O-H}$ covalent bonds that were broken is to be determined.

Concept introduction: Covalent bonds exist in molecules when electrons are shared between bonded atoms. These bonds are result of overlap between two or more atoms. Such bonds are also called molecular bonds.

b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Percentage of intermolecular forces that were broken is to be determined.

Concept introduction: Intermolecular forces are types of forces that are responsible to hold atoms together in a molecule. There are various types of intermolecular forces as follows:

1. Hydrogen bonding:

As is evident from its name, these types of forces exist if hydrogen is present. Such forces are present when hydrogen atom bonds with highly electronegative elements like $\text{F}$

  $\text{O}$ and $\text{F}$ It is of two types: intramolecular and intermolecular. $\text{HF}$ forms hydrogen bonding with water.

2. Ion-dipole forces:

This force exists between ion and molecules with dipole moment in them. Attraction exists between ion and oppositely charged end of the dipole.

3. Ion-induced dipole forces:

When an ion approaches a non-polar molecule, it induces a temporary dipole in it. Ion gets attracted to the oppositely charged part of the dipole induced in the molecule.

4. Induced dipole-induced dipole attraction:

These forces are also known as London dispersion forces or van der Waals forces. Such forces are present between various atoms and molecules. These are observed generally in non-polar molecules, halogens, and noble gases.