Life: The Science of Biology
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781319010164
Author: David E. Sadava, David M. Hillis, H. Craig Heller, Sally D. Hacker
Publisher: W. H. Freeman
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Chapter 7.5, Problem 1R
Summary Introduction
To review:
Features of direct communication and chemical signaling between the cells and advantage of direct communication over chemical signaling.
Introduction:
To work in organized fashion cells need to communicate with each other. This communication takes place directly or with the help of chemical transmitters. The direct communication involves gap junctions. Chemical transmission involves single amino acids, such as glycine and glutamate. Chemical signaling might also involve peptides like acetylcholine, serotonin, histamine, and others.
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What is the main benefit of cell signaling via direct physical contact and cell signaling over short distqnces (ex.: nerve cell signaling)?
Describe how a cell can chemically communicate with other cells using the following modes of communication: gap junctions, contact signaling, autocrine & paracrine signaling, hormones, neurotransmitters, neurohormones.
Which of the following may occur as a result of cross-talk? (Select ALL correct answers)
O A cell may have a stronger response to a ligand than usual
A cell may have a weaker response to a ligand than usual
A signaling pathway may branch, leading to two responses
The ligand may be blocked from activating the receptor
000
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Life: The Science of Biology
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- What accounts for the specificity of a cellular response to a signal molecule?arrow_forward27) Fill in the blanks Cells adjacent to one another frequently communicate through Other forms of cell-cell communication through In extracellular signaling ligand-receptor interaction induce; 28) Cell-to-cell communication by extracellular signaling usually involves six steps , sort the below given steps according to happening order; Removal of the signal, which usually terminates the cellular response – degradation of ligand- A change in cellular metabolism, function, or development CELLULAR RESPONSE triggered by the receptor-ligand complex – specific to the ligand-receptor complex Release of the signaling molecule by the signaling cell Transport of the signal to the target cell Synthesis of the signaling molecule by the signaling cell Detection of the signal by a specific receptor protein (receptor-ligand specificity 29) Polyethylene can be obtained in two different forms. High-density polyethylene (0.94 g/cm3) is a linear polymer. Low-density polyethylene (0.92 g/cm3) is a…arrow_forwardWhat is the main benefit of cell signaling via direct physical contact and cell signaling over short distances (ex: nerve cell signaling)?arrow_forward
- From the perspective of the cell receiving the message, the three stages of cell signaling are o the paracrine, local, and synaptic stages. signal reception, signal transduction, and cellular response. Osignal reception, nucleus disintegration, and new cell generation. the alpha, beta, and gamma stages. Gap 1, S, Gap 2.arrow_forwardCreate a diagram which illustrates the typical signalling mechanism of action of nuclear receptors and possible routes of communication (autocrine etc.). Should show the specific molecules involved, the mechanisms of signal transduction and indicate the different pathways thgt are activated. It should include a specific example of a receptor, ligand and signalling pathway for each general class. Include as wide a variety of ligands and modes of action as you can. for a novel pathway. Superfamily Give the superfamily to which the receptor belongs Accession Give the Uniprot accession number Name Give the molecule name Species Give the species Ligand What is the ligand, or class of ligands which bind to this receptor? Key physiological What are the physiological processes involved? Is this autocrine, paracrine or endocrine or some combination of them? What is the pathology of the receptor? process involved Mechanism of What are the downstream actions of the receptor? Which molecules does…arrow_forwardProteases are enzymes that destroy proteins. Application of these enzymes to an intact cell strips the proteins off the cell surface. If a specific signaling molecule is added to cells stripped of surface proteins and the cell still responds, what must be true of the signaling pathway? The receptor is a ligand-gated ion channel. The signaling molecule doesn't need a receptor. The signal can directly activate the second messenger system and does not need to activate the receptor. The receptor for this signal is inside the cell, and the signaling molecule is nonpolar and can diffuse into the cell.arrow_forward
- How do signaling proteins form specific complexes? Provide examples.arrow_forwardWhich of the following is most likely an example of signaling through a transmembrane receptor? The influenza virus recognizes specific proteins on the surface of host cells, causing the entrance of genetic materials into the cytoplasm of the host cells. Low-density lipoproteins (LDL) bind to receptor proteins found on the membrane of receiving cells, triggering its internalization into the receiving cells. The binding of interleukin-6 (IL-6) to the interleukin-6 receptor causes the activation of protein kinases in the cytoplasm, activating the transcription factor NF-κB. The binding of aldosterone to the aldosterone receptor activates its transcription activity, leading to the transcription of genes that promote the uptake of ions and water.arrow_forwardSignaling within organisms can occur using action potentials (short-term signaling) and/or hormones (long-term signaling). Identify situations where each type of signaling would be better. Describe why having a long-term signaling system is beneficial to organisms (2-3 sentences).arrow_forward
- How would signaling between two cells e affected by the following mutation: occludes (NA) (obtains new function that induces large gaps)arrow_forwardIn terms of cell communication, compare and contrast the action of hydrophilic versus hydrophobic ligands (signaling molecules). What type of receptor is used by these ligands? How does each type of ligand influence cell activity?arrow_forwardDescribe three ways in which a gradual increase inan extracellular signal can be sharpened by the target cellto produce an abrupt or nearly all-or-none response.arrow_forward
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